Athletic Training 2 Exam 2

medial larger lower leg bone (shin bone) & weight bearing

Tibia

lateral lower leg bone and only 15% weight bearing; muscle attachments

Fibula

What is your heel bone called?

Calcaneus bone

superior to calcaneus & forms joint between tibia and fibula

Talus bone

Label These properly

1. Tibial Plateau

2. Fibula Heads

3. Shaft of Fibula

4. Lateral Malleolus

5. Medial Malleolus

6. Tibial Shaft

7. Tibial Tuberosity

8. Talus

9. Calcaneus

What are the two reasons why a eversion ankle sprain is rare?

Because of the bony block of the lateral mallelus and the deltoid strength

What do ligaments do?

Attach bone to bone

What are the two most common ligaments injured for an inversion ankle sprain are what?

The anterior the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

What is the most injured ligament when it comes to a eversion ankle sprain

Deltoid ligament

What are the most powerful foot everters in the lower leg?

The Peroneals

What is the main purpose of the fibula

Muscle attachment

What are sins ways to prevent injuries in the lower extremities?

a. Achilles’ tendon stretching (straight leg and bent knee); wall, Prostretch, towel

b. Lower leg/ankle strengthening (Gastrocnemius, Soleus, etc.)

c. Neuromuscular training (balance);  BAPS board, Balance pad, Trampoline

d. Proper footwear (proper size, type); High top shoe more support

e. Orthotics (if necessary)

f. Taping/Bracing (if necessary); MUST DO REHAB IF GET TAPED OR WEAR BRACES

What is an Open Kinetic Chain Exercise?

Occurs when the foot or hand is off if the ground (main in the early stage of rehab) ex ankle ABCs,

What is a Closed Kinetic Chain exercise?

An exercise where your foot or hand is fixed to the ground or a platform. This includes having a band attached to your foot.

Ex leg press, squat

Match these pain sensations with the tissue involved.

Sharp, burning pain

Localized, piercing pain

Achy, generalized pain

Dull, achy, or referred pain

Options include ( vascular, bone, nerve, muscle)

Sharp, burning pain= Nerve

Localized, piercing pain= Bone

Achy, generalized pain= Vascular

Dull, achy, or referred pain= Muscle

What three things do you need to immediately rule out?

Dislocation, subluxation, and fractures

Blood clots

Circulatory issues

Nerve issues

What are Five (5) questions you would ask an athlete with an injured lower leg, ankle, or foot during a Secondary Survey?

1. What is your pain on the scale of 0 to 10, 0 being no pain and 10 being the worse pain you’ve ever felt.

2. How did it happen

3. Have you injured the area before

4. Did you hear any snap, crackle, or pop when it happened?

5. what did you feel when it occured

What are the normal values for foot inversion and eversion and ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?

^{Inversion – 40°}

^{ii. Eversion – 20°}

^{iii. Plantarflexion – 45°}

^{iv. Dorsiflexion – 20°}

What are the five (5) Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?

Redness, Swelling, loss of function, pain, heat

What are some types of shock?

Hypovolemic

Cardiogenic

Neurogenic

Anaphylactic

Septic

What are some of the early signs of shock

Low Bp, Rapid or weak pulse, drowsiness, nausea, shallow or rapid breathing, cool, pale,a nd clammy skin, or thirsty

What are the late signs of shock

Person is Unconscious, Unresponsive, Vacant (blank) expression, and Mottled skin (blotchy skin)

WHat are the ways to manage shock?

A. Maintain body temperature

b. Elevate legs above the heart

c. Loosen all clothing possible

d. Reassurance

During a Neurological Exam what two (2) Deep tendon/Muscular reflex tests have to be performed?

L4(Patella) and S1(Achilles)

What does Rices stand for and why do we do it?

R-Rest to allow time for healing

I-ice to decrease swelling

C- compression to help with the swelling

E- elevate to help return the blood to the heart

S- support to provide comfort and prevent further injury

What three (3) things must be considered when determining if an athlete can return to practice or competition? (Can be done with tape or brace)

full pain free ROM, 90% strength compared to the uninjured side, and passing a functional exam

What are ABC’s (Acronym) and how do you identify each (TECHNIQUE)?

Airway- look

breathing- listen

circulation- feel

What is referred pain?

when the pain occurs away from the site of injury

What are the Vitals or 9 major response areas?

Pulse, Respiration, blood pressure, temperature, skin color, pupils, state of consciousness, movement, and abnormal nerve responses

What consists of the Primary Survey in the patient assessment pyramid?

The ABCs(airway, breathing, and circulation) and any life- threatening conditions like severe bleeding or fractures. We must look, feel, and listen

What consists of the Secondary Survey in the patient assessment pyramid?

This is where you do SOAP notes and a more detailed patient eval like doing vital signs, skin color, bp, etc. this is when u take a history

When checking someone’s level of Consciousness, what are the AVPU?

are they Awake and alert, are they Responsive to verbal cues, are they Responsive to pain, are they Unresponsive

What is a hemorrhage?

an abnormal discharge of blood; either internal or external

How do we control bleeding?

Put direct pressure on the wound with gauze

Elevate the wound above the heart

What does PERRLA stand for?

Pupils Equal Round React to Light and Accommodate

What is the normal bp for adults

120/80 for men and 110/70 women

Irregular/GaspIng Breathing usually indicates what?

Indicates cardiac involvement

what is normal pulse

60-80 for adults

_______ is cause by either disease, infection, hot environment (heat stroke)

Hot dry skin

_______is caused by either trauma, shock, heat exhaustion

Cool clammy skin

_____ is caused by overexposure to cold

Cool, dry skin

_____ is caused by a heat stroke, increased BP, CO poisoning

Red Skin

_______ is caused by decreased circulation, shock, fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustion, insulin shock

Pale ashen skin

______ is caused by a lack of O2 from airway obstruction or respiratory insufficiencies; mainly in lips and fingernails

Blue skin (cyanosis

What are the signs of a nerve injury?

Numbness or tingling in the area severe pain or no pulse.

inability to move all four limbs

Paralysis from injury site down

Quadriplegia

inability to move one side of body. Caused be Stroke or head injury

Hemiplegia

inability to move legs

1. Injury below the cervical region

Pressure on the spinal cord = limited use of limbs

Paraplegia

What does SOAP or HOPS stand for

S- subjective what they tell u
O- objective what you see
A- assessment
P- plan what plan of action you will take (treatment)

what should you do if a athlete is unconciouss

monitor their abcs and call 911

Give Five (5) examples of rehabilitation exercises that you would have an athlete perform if they have an injured lower leg, ankle, or foot

What are the Six (6) components of a Functional test?

Balance

Strength

Agility

Coordination

Sport-specific movement

Confidence

The Talar tilt special test tests the stability of what ligament on inversion stress? What ligament on eversion stress?

Inversion → Calcaneofibular Ligament

Eversion → Deltoid ligament

The Anterior Drawer special test tests the stability of what ligament?

ACL for the knee and Anterior talofibular ligament

High BP=

and

Low BP=

High= hypertension

Low= possible shock

Label these ligaments properly

Label the dermatomes properly

Label these muscles in the lower leg