APGOV Unit 9 Civil Rights Recall

affirmative action

A policy designed to redress the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon characteristics such as race, ethnic origin, gender, disability, and age

bail

An amount of money posted as security to allow the defendant to be freed while awaiting trial

bill of attainder

Legislative acts that declare people guilty and impose punishment on those people without a trial

Bill of rights

A list of fundamental liberties and rights that individuals possess. The first 10 amendments to the U.S Constitution are referred to as the Bill of Rights

Civil disobedience

The intentional refusal to obey a law, in order to call attention to its injustice

Civil liberties

constitutionally established guarantees that protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals from unreasonable interference by the government.

Civil rights

protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law

Civil rights act of 1964

Legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the U.S. Attorney General to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate

Clear and present danger

Legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment

De Facto

A separation of individuals, based on their characteristics, that arises not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns

De Jure

The separation of individuals by law, based on their characteristics, such as race

Double Jeporady

After an individual has been acquitted of a crime, charging that individual with the same crime again in the same court jurisdiction

Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

The national government must observe fair procedures when it denies a person life, liberty, or property.

Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

The clause of the 14th Amendment that restricts state governments from denying citizens their life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards

Due Process

fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

The clause that has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, gender, and other characteristics.

Establishment Clause

First Amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion

Ex Post Facto Laws

Laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time is occured

Exclusionary Rule

a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

Free Exercise Clause

First Amendment protection of the rights of individuals to express and exercise their religious beliefs

Freedom of Expression

a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest

Grand Jury

A group of citizens who, based on the evidence presented to them, decide whether to formally charge someone accused of a crime

Libel

An untrue written statement that injures a person's reputation

Miranda Rule

The right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning; these rights must be given by police to individuals in custody suspected of criminal activity

Obscenity

an offensive or indecent word or phrase

Places of Public Accomodation

Private entities, businesses, or non-profit organizations open to the public that provide goods, services, or entertainment, and their operations affect commerce. Under U.S. federal law, they are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, religion, or national origin

Prior Restraint

The suppression of material prior to publication

Procedural Due Process

The requirement that government officials use methodsthat are not arbitrary when making and carrying out decisions affecting constitutionally protected rights

Public Safety Exception

An exception to Miranda requirements that permits police to immediately question a suspect in custody without providing any warnings, when public safety would be jeopardized by their taking the time to supply the warnings.

Right to Counsel

The individual right found in the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution requires criminal defendants to have access to legal representation.

Segregation

The separation of individuals based on their race

Selective incorporation

The case-by-case process through which the Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments

Separate but Equal

The doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Slander

An untrue spoken expression that injures a person's reputation

Social Movement

large groups of citizens organizing for political change

Symbolic Speech

Protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols

Title IX of the Education Amendmets Act of 1972

Legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which has the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs

Voting Rights Acr of 1965

Legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states.

Warrant

A court-issued legal document granting police permission to make an arrest, seize property, or conduct a search.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

a document setting out the reasons for an arrest or detention