life thru time tophat questions

Who 1st identified the concept of extinction

George Cuvier

What characters are needed for something to be an organism

Composed of 1 or more cells, undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis (regulation of internal conditions), can grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce sexually or asexually

What is LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor

What r the oldest fossils

Chemical fossils

What is the 1st evidence of life in the fossil record

Geochemical proxies for life & chemical fossils

Y don’t we have banded iron formations today

Too much oxygen in the oceans today

When is the great oxidation event

~2.5 billion years ago

When was the huronian glaciation

~2.25 billion years ago

When was the cryogenian snowball earth

~750 million years ago

What traits had evolved by the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary

Eukaryotic cells, multicellularity, the clades that contain animals & plants

endosymbiotic theory is

When 1 prokaryote ate another prokaryote to make a eukaryote

Diploblasts

2 germ layers

Triploblasts

3 germ layers

Protostomes

1st in-pocketing of embryo becomes mouth

Deuterostomes

1st in-pocketing of embryo becomes anus

What life traits had evolved by end of Cambrian

Eukaryotic cells, multicellularity, spinal cords, the clades that contain animals and plants

Are echinoderms and chordates deuterostomes

Yes

Are sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, flatworms, annelids, roundworms, or arthropods deuterostomes

No

How big were the 1st terrestrial forests

A few centimeters

Paleozoic periods in order from oldest to youngest

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian

The clade bubblegum is defined as having the following characters: chewy, fruity, pink, stretchy, & snappy. The sister clade is minty, which is defined by the following characters: chewy, minty, fresh.

What r Taxa that include: chewy, fruity, pink, & snappy?

Stem groups

What traits had evolved by the end of the Silurian

Jaws, bones, a head, vertebrae (spinal column), & stomata

What traits had life evolved by the end of the Devonian

Jaws, a head, necks, weight bearing limbs, notochords, vertebrae (spinal column), xylem and phloem, seeds

Do humans have eggs

Yes

When do we see the 1st gnathostomes

Silurian

When was the end Permian mass extinction

~250 million years ago

What caused the end Permian mass extinction

Siberian traps large igneous province

As u sit one beach u look around the landscape. There’s lots of little tetrapods skittering around, they all look like amphibians! U see a funky little half-fish, half tetrapod like critter creeping up on u. U hold ur breath & dive into the water, all around u r sharks & fishes w/ weird elaborate jaws & buzzsaw teeth. When r u?

Devonian

When do we see the 1st crown tetrapods

Devonian

When Do we see the first crown synapsids

Carboniferous

What aged rock is ut Austin on

Cretaceous

Anapsid skull

No post-orbital fenestrae (eg turtles)

Synapsid

1 post orbital fenestra (eg mammals)

Diapsid

2 post orbital fenestrae (eg lizards)

As u sit on beach u look around the landscape u find it hard to breathe and you can’t see any signs of life. U hold ur breath and dive into the water all around u r soft squishy creatures and you have a hard time identifying what they are. When r you?

Ediacaran and Silurian

Euryapsid

1 post orbital fenestra but a modified diapsid skull (eg ichthyosaurs)

Diapsid + antorbital fenestrae

2 post orbital fenestrae plus a pre-orbital fenestra (eg crocodiles)

As u sit on the beach u look around landscape. There’s lots of large trees & swamps everywhere. There are huge amphibians and giant insects. U see an odd mound and notice a little clutch of eggs buried in the sand

Carboniferous

What r a few ways we might know archosaurs provided parental care

Fossilized archosaur on top of nest, living archosaur comparison.

Stegosaurus is part of what clade of dinosaurs

Ornithischia

Can warmer oceans hold more or less dissolved oxygen

Less

What’s the temporal range of dinosauria

Late Triassic to present day

What’s the synapsid skull

When do we see the 1st archosaur skulls (2 post orbital fenestrae & 1 anorbital fenestra)?

Triassic

What dinosaur groups r in the clade saurischia

Sauropodomorpha & theropoda

What r the 4 key synapomorphies of archosaurs that distinguish them from other reptiles

Antorbital fenestra in skull, parental care, 4 chambered heart, erect stance

What dinosaur groups r in the clade Ornithischia

Marginocephalia, ornithopoda, thyreophora

U sit on beach & look around landscape. Lots of large cycad, ginko & conifer trees. U see a wide variety of dinosaurs as u wander around, some thyreophora as well as large sauropods, there’s some scary theropods around

In the water u see ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs, there’s lobsters & fish crushing shells & the clams & snails seem to be getting spikier! As u put on ur micro spoil goggles u see planktic foraminifera, diatoms & coccoliths

Jurassic

What clade of Dinosaurs is still alive

Theropoda

U on beach & look at landscape. Forest is made up of mix of ferns. Lycopods, horntails, cycad, & conifer trees. U notice that sun is low on horizon, u tried to go to tropics but it was impossibly hot! Some large scary animals around that look like crocodiles but r much bigger & walking on land! In the water u see small coral reefs getting a foothold & some ichthyosaurs swimming around, but the fauna u see looks like it’s been hit by hard times. When r u?

Triassic

U sit on beach u look around the landscape. forest is made up of a mix of ferns, cycad, & conifer trees, but triceratops & hadrosaurs appear to be eating the most abundant plants that have little flowers! In the water u see small coral reefs as well as reefs made of large bivalves called rudists (look like toilet seats!) u notice off in the distance a large mosasaur & think “it’s time to get out of the water!”

Cretaceous

Sauropodomorpha

Therapoda

Thyreophora

Ornithopoda

Marginocephalia

What’s a synapomorphy of birds & tyrannosaurs Rex

3 weight bearing toes

What led the alvarezes to hypothesize that the K-Pg was caused by an impact

Iridium spike in their section

What r some of the key proxies of a bolide impact

Tekites

Match animals w clade

Kangaroo is marsupialia, opossum is monotremeata, duck billed platypus is marsupials

What isotope system helps us reconstruct ancient temps

Stable isotopes of oxygen

Lighter isotopes have

Weaker bonds that r easier to break

What would be the best proxy for reconstructing atmospheric carbon dioxide lvls in the Cretaceous

Stomatal indices in fossil leaves

What would be the best proxy for reconstructing glacial records during snowball earth

Rock types in the geologic record

U find a new fossil of an animal w/ a fluffy cotton tail, long ears, cute little nose w whiskers, & it’s sitting on a clutch of colourful eggs. Based on the characters u find, u describe the new species easterus bunnius as a

Monotreme mammal

What would be best proxy for reconstructing annual changes in temp from 20k years ago

Stable isotopes in ice cores

Where’s the drake passage

Below South America

As u swim around the ocean, u see lots of fish, large penguins, sharks, & some weird looking whales w legs! Overhead u see lots of birds & on shore there r some huge creatures that kind of look like elephants!

Eocene

Match climate event w its name

Anatarctic glaciation Eocene/oligocene boundary, arctic glaciation is end Miocene cooling, rapid short term glacials & interglacials r Pleistocene “ice ages”

What human characters evolved in the Paleozoic

Synapsid skull & 4 weight bearing limbs

What human characters evolved in the Cenozoic

Bipedalism, larger brain (compared to other mammals/primates), nails instead f claws, language, loss of a tail, cognitive ability to make art

U see around the ocean lots of fish, kelp & sea lions munching on some clams & oysters! Onshore, u look out onto a wide grassland where there were little horses, camels, & terror birds! The isthmus of Panama has not yet closed & there’s ice covering the arctic

Pliocene