Ap human geo unit 7 vocab

Industry p. 447

Refers to the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods in factories.

Industrial Revolution p. 447

The period of significant industrial growth and societal change, beginning in the late 18th century, marked by a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones.

Imperialism p. 450 & 164

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Colonialism (p. 199-200)

The practice of acquiring and maintaining colonies, often characterized by the domination of one nation over another.

Industrial belt p. 450

Regions where manufacturing and industrial activities are concentrated, often due to the availability of resources and workforce.

Deindustrialize p. 450

The process of reducing industrial activity or capacity in a region, often leading to economic decline.

Primary sector p. 452

The sector of the economy that extracts and harvests natural resources.

Secondary sector p. 452

The sector of the economy that involves the transformation of raw materials into manufactured goods.

Tertiary sector p. 452

The sector that provides services rather than goods, such as retail, entertainment, and healthcare.

Quaternary sector p. 453

The sector of the economy focused on knowledge-based services involving technology and information.

Quinary sector p. 453

The sector of the economy that provides high-level decision-making services, such as government, education, and healthcare.

Multiplier effect p. 454

The economic concept that an initial investment will lead to an overall increase in economic activity.

Weber’s Least Cost Theory p. 455

A theory that states that industrialists aim to minimize costs when locating their businesses.

Agglomeration economies p. 455

The benefits that firms obtain by locating near each other, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.

Bulk-reducing industry p. 455

Industries that reduce the bulk of their product during production, often located near raw materials.

Bulk-gaining industry p. 456

Industries that gain bulk during production, typically located near the market to minimize transportation costs.

Break of bulk point p. 458

The location where cargo is transferred from one mode of transport to another.

Containerization p. 458

The use of standardized shipping containers to transport goods efficiently.

Gross National Product (GNP) p. 462

The total value of all final goods and services produced by a country's residents in a given period.

Gross National Income (GNI) p. 462

The total income received by residents of a country from all sources within and outside the country.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) p. 462

The total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders.

Per capita p. 463

A measurement that indicates the average per person in a population.

Formal sector p. 465

The part of the economy that is regulated by the government and includes businesses that pay taxes.

Informal sector p. 465

The part of the economy that is unregulated and not monitored by the government.

Income distribution (Gini coefficient) p. 466

A measure of income inequality within a population, expressed between 0 (perfect equality) and 1 (maximum inequality).

Literacy rate p. 468

The percentage of people who can read and write within a given age group.

Gender Inequality Index (GII) p. 468

A measure that reflects gender-based disparities in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Gender gap p. 468

The discrepancies between men and women in various aspects, including economic participation and opportunities.

Human Development Index (HDI) p. 469

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) p. 472

Organizations that operate independently from government and are usually non-profit.

Microfinance/Microloans p. 472

Financial services offered to low-income individuals or those without access to typical banking services.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth p. 479-480

A theory proposing that economies develop in five stages, from traditional society to age of mass consumption.

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory + Core-Periphery Model p. 481-482

A sociological perspective that categorizes countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery based on their economic and political power.

Dependency theory p. 481

A theory suggesting that resources flow from periphery countries to core countries, leading to a cycle of dependency.

Core p. 482

The dominant economic regions in the world that drive global economic activity.

Semiphery p. 482

Countries that fall between core and periphery, having some industrialization and economic development.

Periphery p. 482

Less developed countries that are generally exploited for their natural resources.

Commodity p. 484

A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type.

Commodity dependence p. 484

A state where a country's economy relies heavily on the export of a limited number of commodities.

Trade p. 485

The exchange of goods and services between countries or entities.

Comparative advantage p. 485

The ability of a country to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

Complementarity p. 486

The relationship between two goods where the demand for one increases the demand for the other.

Tariffs p. 487

Taxes imposed on imported goods, intended to protect domestic industries.

Trading Bloc: Mercosur p. 488

A South American trade bloc promoting free trade and economic integration between member countries.

Trading Bloc: European Union (EU) p. 488

A political and economic union of European countries that allows for free trade among member states.

Trading Bloc: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) p. 488

A group of oil-producing countries that coordinate and unify petroleum policies.

World Trade Organization (WTO) p. 488

An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

International financial institutions (IFIs) p. 489

Organizations such as the IMF and World Bank that provide financial assistance and advice to countries.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) p. 489

An international organization that works to promote global financial stability and economic growth.

Globalization p. 134 & 496

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale.

Outsourcing p. 496

The practice of obtaining goods or services from an external source.

Offshoring p. 496

The relocation of a business process or service to a different country.

New International Division of Labor p. 497

A shift in the global economy where production processes are spread across various countries.

Transnational corporations p. 499

Companies that operate in multiple countries, often with a centralized management.

Export-processing zones (EPZs) p. 499

Areas designated for industrial manufacturing, typically with incentives for foreign investment.

Special economic zones (SEZs) p. 499

Regions in which business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country to attract foreign investment.

Free-trade zones (FTZs) p. 499

Areas where goods can be landed, stored, handled, assembled, and re-exported without the intervention of customs authorities.

Maquiladoras p. 499

Manufacturing plants located in Mexico, usually near the U.S. border.

Postindustrial economy p. 501

An economy that has transitioned from industrial manufacturing to a focus on services and technology.

Post-Fordism p. 501

A shift from mass production to flexible production techniques in manufacturing.

Economies of scale p. 501 & 312

Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation.

Just-in-time delivery p. 501

An inventory strategy that aligns raw-material orders from suppliers directly with production schedules.

Technopole p. 502

A center of technological innovation and development.

Growth pole/center p. 502-503

An area that offers a significant concentration of economic activities and resources.

Brownfields p. 503 & 436

Previously developed land that is not currently in use and may be contaminated.

Corporate/business park p. 503

An area designed for offices, manufacturing, and technology companies.

Sustainable development p. 505

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Resource depletion p. 506

The exhaustion of natural resources due to overconsumption.

Pollution p. 506

The introduction of harmful substances into the environment.

Climate change p. 507

Long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions on Earth.

Ecotourism p. 508

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) p. 508-509

A set of 17 global goals established by the United Nations to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges.