Intro To Ultrasound: Chapter 5

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the key terms and concepts of the interdependent body systems as presented in Chapter 5 of the lecture notes.

Aorta

Main artery leaving the heart to supply body structures with the nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood they require.

Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of the skeleton that form the appendages; the framework for the arms and legs.

Arteries

Thick-walled blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Arterioles

Tiny branches of arteries.

Atria

The two upper chambers of the four-chamber heart.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

The node that transfers electrical impulses emitted by the sinoatrial node down to the ventricles to initiate their contraction.

Axial Skeleton

The skull, spine, and ribs portion of the skeleton.

Capillaries

The thinnest and most numerous of the blood vessels providing a connection between arterioles and venules.

Cardiac Ventricles

The two inferior chambers of the four-chamber heart.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord.

Corpus Luteum

A cystic glandular mass formed from an empty ovarian follicle after ovulation; it releases the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Diaphragm

The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Diastole

The filling or relaxing phase of the heart.

Erythropoietin

A hormone released by the kidneys when inadequate oxygen levels are detected in the blood, notifying the bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells.

Gametes

Sexual reproductive cells produced by the male and female gonads, male spermatozoa and female ova, whose union initiates a new life.

Gonads

The male testes and female ovaries, primary reproductive organs that produce the reproductive cells needed to produce new life.

Homeostasis

The equilibrium of the body's normal physiologic condition.

Hormones

Chemical messengers manufactured and secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands that transfer instructions from one set of cells to another.

Inferior Vena Cava

One of the two major veins transporting deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart from structures of the body that lie below the level of the heart.

Joints

Immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable articulations where bones of the skeleton are joined to one another.

Ligaments

Long elastic connection between the bones of freely movable joints.

Lymph

Interstitial fluid consisting of digested fats, water, protein, white blood cells, and tissue waste.

Lymph Node

A concentration of tissue containing white blood cells-primarily lymphocytes-that filter foreign material from the lymph.

Lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell whose main function is to protect the body from disease-causing microorganisms.

Metabolism

The chemical reactions within the body that maintain its life.

Micturition

The process, commonly called urination, by which the bladder expels urine through the urethra and out of the body.

Myocardium

The heart muscle.

Ovarian Follicle

Encasement containing an immature ovum (egg cell).

Ovulation

Discharge of a mature ovum from its ovarian follicle.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All the nerves and nerve cells outside of the central nervous system, consisting of $31$ pairs of spinal nerves and $12$ pairs of cranial nerves.

Peristalsis

Wormlike motion that forces contents through the alimentary tract.

Pleura

The double-walled sac surrounding the lungs.

Pulmonary Circulation

The vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back again.

Renin

An enzyme secreted by the kidneys to help control blood pressure.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The heart's natural pacemaker, which emits regular electrical impulses that initiate contraction of the atria.

Skeletal Muscle

The only voluntary muscle type in the body, giving form and stability to the skeleton and enabling it to move.

Superior Vena Cava

One of the two major veins transporting deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart from structures of the body that lie above the level of the heart.

Systemic Circulation

The vessels that transport blood from the heart to all parts of the body (except the lungs) and back again.

Systole

The pumping or contracting phase of the heart.

Tendons

Bands of tough, fibrous, flexible tissue that connect muscles to bones.

Urine

Waste filtered from the blood-including products such as ammonia, bilirubin, drugs, and toxins-that is produced by the kidneys.

Veins

Thin-walled vessels that transport oxygen-depleted blood to the heart.

Venules

Tiny branches of veins.

Pia mater

The innermost layer of the meninges protecting the CNS.

Arachnoid

The middle layer of the meninges protecting the CNS.

Dura mater

The outer layer of the meninges, located against the inner surface of the cranium and vertebrae.

Somatic nervous system

Part of the PNS responsible for all conscious awareness of our external environment (voluntary) and movement.

Autonomic nervous system

Part of the PNS not under conscious control (involuntary) that monitors the internal environment and function of glands and organs.

Sympathetic division

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that responds to stress or danger, known as the 'fight or flight' system.

Parasympathetic division

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that maintains and restores the body's energy after danger has passed.

Pituitary gland

Also known as the hypophysis or 'master gland,' a pea-sized gland that sits in the sella turcica and regulates other endocrine glands.

Lacteals

Lymphatic vessels located in the lining of the small intestine that pick up fats (lipids).

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle located in the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels.

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell production occurring within the marrow of bones; blood cells usually function for $120\,\text{days}$.

Vas deferens

A tube that serves to transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Zygote

The cell formed when the male and female gametes unite during fertilization.

Morula

A cluster of cells formed by the repeated division of a zygote as it exits the fallopian tube.

Blastocyst

A structure formed when endometrial fluid enters the morula, which then implants into the endometrial lining.

Chyme

A thick liquid produced in the stomach after solid food particles are mixed with acidic gastric juice.

Nephrons

The filtering units of the kidneys, with each kidney containing approximately $\text{1 million}$.

Alveoli

Cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; each lung contains estimated $300 \times 10^6$.