CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDS, MOLECULES, AND ELEMENTS

Silica/asbestos

What carcinogenic chemical/compound is associated with cancer of the lung, pleura, and peritoneum?

Arsenic

What chemical element/compound is a suspected carcinogen associated with cancer of the lung and skin?

Benzene

What chemical is associated with Acute myelocytic leukemia?

Chromium

What element is listed as a suspected carcinogen (Root Causes & Co-Factors diagram)?

Diethylstilbestrol (prenatal)

What synthetic estrogen (compound) is associated with Vaginal cancer (clear cell)?

Alkylating agents

What chemical compound is associated with Acute myeloid leukemia and bladder cancer, and is also used in chemotherapy?

Androgens

What hormones/compounds are associated with Prostate cancer?

Aromatic amines (dyes)

What chemical compounds are associated with Bladder cancer?

Nitrogen mustard gas

What gas is associated with Cancer of the lung, head and neck, and nasal sinuses?

Nickel dust

What compound is associated with Cancer of the lung and nasal sinuses?

Phenacetin

What chemical/compound is associated with Cancer of the renal pelvis and bladder?

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

What compounds are associated with Cancer of the lung and skin (especially squamous cell carcinoma of scrotal skin)?

Radon gas

What gas is associated with Lung cancer (especially in miners)?

Tobacco (including smokeless)

What compound/substance is associated with Cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and bladder?

Methotrexate

What medication is an antimetabolite used in chemotherapy and is also listed as a suspected carcinogen in one source?

5-fluorouracil

What antimetabolite is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Cytarabine

What antimetabolite is used in systemic chemotherapy?

6-mercaptopurine

What antimetabolite is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Cyclophosphamide

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Chlorambucil

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Melphalan

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Carmustine

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Ifosfamide

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Dacarbazine

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Temozolamide

What alkylating agent is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Platinum agents

What chemical compounds are listed as alkylating agents in systemic chemotherapy?

Vincristine

What mitosis inhibitor is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Paclitaxel

What mitosis inhibitor is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Docetaxel

What mitosis inhibitor is used in systemic chemotherapy?

Imatinib

What molecularly targeted drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor?

Nilotinib

What molecularly targeted drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor?

Dasatinib

What molecularly targeted drug is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor?

All-trans retinoic acid

What compound acts as a retinoic acid receptor agonist in targeted therapy?

Gefitinib

What drug is an epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist?

Erlotinib

What drug is an epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist?

Sorafenib

What drug is an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent?

Pazopanib

What drug is an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent?

Tamoxifen

What hormonal agent blocks estrogen receptors?

Letrozole

What aromatase inhibitor is used in hormonal therapy?

Anastrozole

What aromatase inhibitor is used in hormonal therapy?

Leuprolide

What LH-RH agonist is used for androgen suppression?

Goserelin

What LH-RH agonist is used for androgen suppression?

Flutamide

What androgen receptor blocker is used for androgen suppression?

Bicalutamide

What androgen receptor blocker is used for androgen suppression?

Iodine (Ionizing radiation)

What type of electromagnetic or particulate radiation causes chromosomal breakage, translocations, and point mutations, and is associated with myeloid leukemias and thyroid cancer?

Ultraviolet rays (UVB 280-320 nm)

What radiation induces pyrimidine dimers within DNA and is associated with skin cancers?

Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody (mAb)

What targeted therapy is used for immune activation (Evading immune destruction diagram)?

BH3 mimetics

What compounds are used in therapy related to resisting cell death (Proapoptotic resisting death)?

Selective anti-inflammatory drugs

What drugs are used in therapy related to tumor-promoting inflammation?

Estrogens

What hormone/compound may be used in the chemoprevention of colorectal CA, but increases the risk of breast CA and cardiovascular disease?

NSAIDS

What class of drugs is being studied for chemoprevention in Colon CA?

Anti-HBs

What antibody, seen at the start of HBV resolution or following vaccination, indicates immunity to the virus?

Anti-HBe

What antibody replaces HBeAg earlier than Anti-HBs replaces HBsAg during HBV resolution?

Anti-HBc

What antibody, present throughout the acute stage of HBV, indicates a previous or ongoing infection?

IgM anti-HBc

What specific HBV antibody indicates a recent infection?

IgG anti-HBc

What specific HBV antibody indicates the patient is at resolution?

Interferon alpha

What antiviral drug decreases HBV DNA particles in the blood by 25%?

Entecavir

What antiviral drug decreases HBV DNA particles in the blood by 67%?

Tenofovir

What antiviral drug decreases HBV DNA particles in the blood by 90%?

HBIg (Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin)

What protein/immunoglobulin is given as passive vaccination or post-exposure treatment to stop HBV transmission?

Ribavirin

What antiviral is used for HCV treatment?

Protease inhibitors

What class of antivirals is used for HCV treatment, alongside Ribavirin?

Saliva

What bodily fluid is the mode of transmission for Infectious Mononucleosis (Kissing disease) (EBV)?

Semen

What bodily fluid can transmit EBV via sexual intercourse?

Acyclovir

What antiviral drug can stop EBV from actively replicating but cannot eradicate the virus?

Antiretrovirals

What class of drugs is used to reduce KSHV viral replication?

Aflatoxin

What mycotoxin from Aspergillus molds is a cofactor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HBV?

Formalin, urea, heat

What agents were used to treat the virus containing HBsAg in the first HBV vaccine to make it inactive?

Nucleic acid

What component is contained within a naked virus, surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)?

Protein coat (capsid)

What structure composed of capsomeres surrounds the nucleic acid in a naked virus?

dsDNA

What is the genetic material of Polyomavirus?

dsDNA

What is the genetic material of Papillomavirus?

dsDNA

What is the genetic material of Herpesviridae viruses?

dsDNA (circular, one strand half-length, one full-length)

What is the genetic material of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

ssRNA (+) sense (linear)

What is the genetic material of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)?

ssRNA (+) sense (linear)

What is the genetic material of Retroviridae viruses, which is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase?

dsDNA

What is the genetic material of Adenoviruses?

dsDNA

What is the genetic material of Hepadnaviridae viruses?

dsDNA

What is the genetic material of Poxviridae viruses?

ssDNA

What is the genetic material of Parvoviruses?

RNA

What is the nucleic acid type of Flaviviridae?

dsDNA (circular)

What is the specific type of DNA formed by HBV after it attaches to the host cell and uncoats in the nucleus?

mRNA

What molecule is produced in the nucleus of an HBV-infected cell before it leaves for encapsidation?

DNA

What molecule does HBV reverse transcriptase start synthesizing once RNA is translated during replication?

Phosphorylated state

What state is the RB protein in when it is inactive in cells passing through the G1/S transition?

Hypophosphorylated state

What state is the RB protein in when it is active in quiescent cells?

DNA

What molecule is targeted for damage by ionizing radiation (chromosomal breakage, point mutations) and UV radiation (pyrimidine dimers)?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

What molecules produced by activated immune cells during chronic inflammation may damage DNA?

Reactive oxygen species

What compounds are produced by ionizing radiation that damage organelles, proteins, and membranes, leading to cell death?

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

What molecule does RAS transmit growth signals when bound to?

β-catenin

What transcription factor, involved in cell cycle progression, is normally degraded by a complex promoted by APC?

ACTH or ACTH-like substance

What hormone/substance is produced ectopically by Small cell lung carcinoma, causing Cushing syndrome?

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP)

What protein is produced by carcinomas of the breast, lung (squamous cell carcinoma), kidney, or ovary, causing Hypercalcemia?

ADH or atrial natriuretic hormones

What hormones are associated with SIADH when produced ectopically by Small cell lung carcinoma or intracranial neoplasms?

EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)

What growth factor's secretion is a likely mechanism for Acanthosis nigricans as a paraneoplastic syndrome?

TNF, IL-1, IL-6

What factors released by tumor or host immune cells mediate Cancer Cachexia?

Polyphosphate

What molecule do tumor cells express that activates Factor XII (contact factor) to promote fibrin deposition and stabilize tumor cell groups/emboli?

Fibrin

What substance's deposition is promoted by activated Factor XII to stabilize tumor cell groups/emboli?

Chromogens

What chemical agents are bound to antibodies in Immunohistochemistry (IHC) to highlight cell products or surface markers?

Glycolysis

What process is described as the conversion of glucose to lactose (fermentation) in the Warburg effect?