Ch.10 EH

What marked the beginning of state planning in the economic field during the Great War?

The First World War.

What key geopolitical change resulted from the Great War regarding empires?

The end of the Old Empires of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.

What event is considered the starting point of the conflict that led to the Great War?

The Sarajevo bombing of 28 June 1914.

What was Germany's desire mentioned by historian Fritz Fischer as a cause of the conflict?

To conquer more space in Eastern Europe.

What economic phenomenon did the Great War mark the end of?

The first phase of globalization.

How did the war impact gender roles in the workforce?

Women entered the workforce to fill roles such as drivers, munitions workers, and in agriculture.

What fundamental change did the Hindenburg Plan aim to achieve in Germany?

To double industrial output.

What were some of the pressures governing state interventions during the war?

Supplies for armies, armament planning, and food rationing.

What was the public debt of the countries involved in the conflict by 1920?

Rose from 26 billion dollars before the war to 225 billion dollars.

What were the two major economic issues faced by Great Britain during the war?

Loss of foreign investments and debt accumulation.

What was a significant consequence of the loss of lives during the war?

Serious consequences in terms of labor supply.

What was the estimated number of military deaths due to the First World War?

Approximately 10 million soldiers.

How did the agricultural sector of the United States change as a result of the war?

It stimulated production, leading to overproduction and price collapse in the 1920s.

What was one effect of the Great War on international financial markets?

The New York Stock Exchange replaced London as the world’s leading financial market.

What did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?

Punitive reparations totaling 132 billion gold marks.

What was John Maynard Keynes's warning regarding the peace settlement after the war?

France and Great Britain would destroy the peace by demanding the impossible.

What significant transformation did the Great War bring to cultural perceptions?

It had a strong cultural impact, shifting views on positivism and liberal individualism.

What event triggered the planning of state economics during the Great War?

The First World War.

What significant change occurred to empires as a result of the Great War?

The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.

Which event is recognized as the catalyst for the conflict leading to the Great War?

The assassination in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

What territorial ambition did Germany hold that fueled the conflict, according to historian Fritz Fischer?

Expansion into Eastern Europe.

What major economic phase came to an end due to the Great War?

The first phase of globalization.

In what ways did the war affect women's participation in the workforce?

Women stepped into roles such as drivers, munitions workers, and agricultural laborers.

What was the goal of the Hindenburg Plan for Germany?

To increase industrial output by 100%.

What factors contributed to state interventions during the war?

The necessity for military supplies, armament strategies, and food rationing.

By 1920, what was the public debt of the countries involved in the Great War?

Rose dramatically from 26 billion dollars to 225 billion dollars.

What two main economic issues did Great Britain struggle with during the conflict?

Declining foreign investments and growing national debt.

What was a significant impact of the massive loss of lives during the war?

Severe repercussions on the availability of labor.

What was the estimated number of military fatalities resulting from the First World War?

Approximately 10 million soldiers.

How did the agricultural sector in the United States adapt during the war?

Production surged, leading to overproduction and subsequent price declines in the 1920s.

What was a notable consequence of the Great War for international financial markets?

The New York Stock Exchange became the leading global financial center, surpassing London.

What reparations did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?

Punitive financial obligations totaling 132 billion gold marks.

What caution did John Maynard Keynes give about the peace terms after the war?

That unrealistic expectations from France and Great Britain would undermine lasting peace.

How did the Great War alter cultural perceptions?

It significantly shifted attitudes toward positivism and liberal individualism.

What extensive economic losses occurred as a result of the Great War?

They included material destruction, disruption of economic relations, interruption of foreign trade, loss of foreign markets, and diminished profits from international investments.

What new challenges arose in global agricultural markets due to the Great War?

Altered global agricultural balances contributing to post-war market instability.

How did the loss of lives during the Great War impact economic recovery?

It created a shortfall in labor, complicating recovery efforts.