lab practical I

hormones

chemical messengers that affect specific organs and tissues (targets)

endocrine glands?

anterior pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids

endocrine organs?

pancreas, hypothalamus, gonads, thymus

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

development of sperm and ovarian follicles

luteinizing hormone (LH)

secretion of sex hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol (stress hormone)

thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropic (TSH)

influences activity of thyroid hormone

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

stimulate melanocyte production

growth hormone (GH)

general metabolic hormone that plays a role in body size

prolactin (PRL)

stimulates breast development and promotes lactation after childbirth

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during birth and milk ejection in lactating mothers

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

cause the kidneys to reabsorb water, reducing urine output and conserving water

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

control over rate of metabolism and cellulr oxidation

calcitonin

decreases blood Ca2+ by stimulating calcium salt deposit into bones

parathyroid hormone

when blood Ca2+ levels are too low, causes calcium salts to be broken down from bone deposits

gonadocorticoids (androgens)

consist mainly of weak androgens and minor amounts of estrogens, which play key roles in libido, pubic hair development, and secondary sex characteristics

glucocorticoids

stress resistors, primarily increase blood glucose levels

mineralocorticoids

regulate water balance via sodium regulation in kidneys

insulin

when blood glucose is too high, this is released and helps transport glucose out of blood into the cells

glucagon

when blood glucose is too low, this is released and stimulates the liver

estrogen

responsible for growth of secondary sex characteristics; also acts in tandem with progesterone to bring cyclic changes of the uterine lining

progesterone

works with estrogen and helps prepare breast tissue for lactation

testosterone

responsible for growth of secondary sex characteristics

thymus

active and large during childhood but atrophies during maturation

pineal gland

produces melatonin which plays a role in biological rhythms

thyroid gland

what is this?

pancreas

what is this?

adrenal gland

consists of a cortex and medulla, with each part having different embryological origin

thyroid gland

consists of follicles lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium

parathyroid glands

four small endocrine glands that secrete a hormone that regulates blood calcium level

hypothalamus

secretes hormones to regulate hormone release by the anterior pituitary gland

pineal gland

secretes the hormone melatonin

thyroid gland

where are parafollicular cells are located?

luteinizing hormone

hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that induces ovulation in females

epinephrine and norepinephrine

increased heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction

cortisol

increased glucose synthesis through protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis

aldosterone

increased sodium and water retention by the kidneys

androgens

similar in structure and function to testosterone

thyroid gland

The following micrograph is a specimen from what gland?

pancreas

The following micrograph is a specimen from what gland?

thyroid follicles

what part of thyroid histology is shown?

colloid

what part of thyroid histology is shown?

follicular cells

what part of thyroid histology is shown?

parafollicular (C) cells

what part of thyroid histology is shown?

pancreatic islet of langerhans

what part of pancreas histology is shown?

pancreas acini (exocrine pancreas)

what part of thyroid histology is shown?

plasma

55% of blood; 90% water and acts as a solvent, important for osmotic balance

albuminin

major plasma protein used for osmotic balance

fibrinogen

precursor protein for clotting

globulins

plays a role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection

erythrocytes (RBCs)

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; aid in blood pH regulation

platelets

plays a role in hemostasis (blood clotting)

monocytes

circulating cells that migrate out of the bloodstream to become large, phagocytic cells called macrophages

lymphocytes

responsible for the adaptive immune response to infection

eosinophils

fight parasitic infections and mediate (neutralize) the effects of histamines; phagocytic cells

basophils

release histamine and heparin; involved in the inflammatory response

eosinophil

which part of blood cells are shown?

basophil

which part of blood cells are shown?

neutrophil

which part of blood cells are shown?

monocyte

which part of blood cells are shown?

lymphocyte

which part of blood cells are shown?

erythrocytes

what is being pointed at?

platelets

which part of blood cells are shown?

pericardial sac

connective tissue sac external to epicardium

epicardium

connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

myocardium

cardiac muscle, contractile tissue of the heart

endocardium

epithelial layer that lines the chambers and valves

tricuspid valve

prevents backflow of blood into right atrium

pulmonary semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle

bicuspid valve

prevents backflow of blood into left atrium

aortic semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle

coronary arteries

branch from aorta, supply oxygenated blood to heart when heart is relaxed

cardiac veins

return deoxygenated blood to right atrium for recirculation

fibrous pericardium

what part of the sheep heart is shown?

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

what part of the sheep heart is shown?

myocardium (cardiac muscle)

what part of the sheep heart is shown?

papillary muscle

what part of the sheep heart is shown?

chordae tendineae

what part of the sheep heart is shown?

trabeculae carneae

what part of the sheep heart is shown?

musculi pectinate (pectinate muscle)

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

ligamentum arteriosum

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

right atrium

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

right auricle

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

superior vena cava

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

inferior vena cava

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

tricuspid valve

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

right ventricle

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

interventricular septum

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

pulmonary (semilunar) valve

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

pulmonary trunk

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

pulmonary arteries (l & r)

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

left atrium

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

left auricle

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

pulmonary veins

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

mitral (bicuspid) valve

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

left ventricle

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

aortic (semilunar) valve

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

aorta

what part of the heart muscle is shown?

circumflex artery

what part of the heart muscle is shown?