Cell Division Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms for the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis as presented in the lecture notes.

Cell Division

The process by which a parent cell splits into new cells.

Cell Cycle

The series of stages a cell goes through as it grows and divides.

Chromatin

Loose strands of DNA found in the nucleus before division.

Chromosome

Condensed DNA structure visible during cell division.

DNA

Genetic material that carries instructions for the cell.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a trait or protein.

Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome attached together.

Centromere

The area where sister chromatids are joined.

Centrioles

Structures that help organize spindle fibers in animal cells.

Spindle Fibers

Fibers that pull chromosomes apart during division.

Interphase

The stage where the cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares to divide.

G1 Phase

Cell growth and normal activity.

S Phase

DNA replication occurs.

G2 Phase

Final preparation for division.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

Mitosis

Division of the nucleus that produces two identical cells.

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move apart.

Telophase

New nuclei form around chromosomes.

Daughter Cells

The two cells produced after mitosis.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces sex cells with half the normal number of chromosomes.

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg).

Haploid ($n$)

A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes.

Diploid ($2n$)

A cell with the full number of chromosomes.

Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Homologous Chromosomes

Matching chromosome pairs, one from each parent.

Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA among individuals.

Mitosis: Number of Divisions

$$1$$

Meiosis: Number of Divisions

$$2$$

Mitosis: Number of Cells Produced

$$2$$

Meiosis: Number of Cells Produced

$$4$$

Mitosis: Genetically Identical?

Yes

Meiosis: Genetically Identical?

No

Mitosis: Purpose

Growth/repair

Meiosis: Purpose

Reproduction

PMAT

Easy way to remember Mitosis stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.