geo final

makes up 75 percent of planets volcanoes. Pacific ocean

ring of fire

Types of volcanoes: 4

Shield, Lava domes, composite volcanoes, Cinder Cones

Basaltic lava flows easily over surface,

forming a broad, low-lying shield

volcanoes, built layer upon layer with

little pyroclastic material.

 Some ____ are massive, very high,

and never steep.

shield

Emit intermediate lavas, tend to erupt

explosively, develop into symmetrical, steep-

sided composite volcanoes or

stratovolcanoes.

 These mountains build up steep sides by

layers of explosive eruptions of pyroclastics

(ash and cinders) alternating with lava flows

of nonexplosive eruptions

 Pyroclastics produce steep slopes, and lava

flows solidify all together

composite

lava domes

lava ___, have masses of

very viscous lava, too thick to flow far

 Lava bulges up from the vent, a ____grows

by expansion from below and within

 Usually small.

 may also develop within craters of composite

volcanoes as viscous lava moves up into vent

smallest of volcanic peaks

 magma chemistry varies, but basaltic magma

is most common

 ____-shaped peaks built by unconsolidated

pyroclastics ejected from volcanic vent

 size of ejected particles determines

steepness of slope

cinder cone

Volcanic Hazards

All materials ejected from a volcano -

pyroclastic materials.

(Ash, Acid Rain, Lava flows, Volcanic gases)

Intrusive Igneous Features

 Batholiths

 Volcanic Necks

 Laccoliths

 Sills

 Dikes

 Veins

subterranean igneous body of

enormous size may be made of

dozens of plutons.

 Uplifted and exposed_____

form core of many mountain

ranges

batholiths

Remnants of the pipe of old

volcano filled with solidified lava

volcanic nexk

Develop when viscous magma is

forced between horizontal layers of

preexisting rock, forming

mushroom-shaped mass that

domes overlying strata.

laccoliths

Long, thin, and intrusive body forms

when magma cools between strata,

results in horizontal igneous sheet

between sedimentary layers

sills

a widespread form, ____ form from

intrusion of vertical and near-vertical

sheet of magma in preexisting rock

 very narrow and usually quite resistant

to erosion

dikes

Commonly form

when hydrothermal

fluids are forced into

small fractures in

preexisting rocks.

veins

is a one-sided fold,

mono cline

A simple symmetrical upfold is

an

anticline

and simple

downfold is a

syncline

overfold

if upfold pushed greatly, may

become an

Upfolded anticlines create

ridges

and

downfolded synclines form

valleys

Tension cracks can quicken

erosion

where

________ can increase resistance

Compression

When a rock structure is broken

and one side is forcibly displaced

relative to other, the action is

faulting

displacement can be vertical,

horizontal, or

both

____ faults result from tension

stress or pulling apart in crust and

produces steeply inclined fault zone

normal faults

____ faults result from

compression stress, one block

slides up fault plane

reverse faults

______faults or _____thrust faults

related to reverse faults and

compression forces upthrown block

at a relatively low angle

thrust faults or overthrust faults

faults

movement is horizontal,

nearby blocks displaced

laterally, result from

shear stresses

strike slip faults

Ground Shaking: ___of the damage from an earthquake is a

direct or an indirect consequence of ground

shaking.

most

Liquefaction,

loose or water-saturated

sediment moves as fluid

Denudation

is the processes that wear-down the

landscape. It is accomplished by Interaction of

three types of activities

Weathering

is breaking-down of rock into

smaller pieces

involves relatively short-distance

downslope movement of broken rock material

under influence of gravity

mass wasting

erosion

is removal, transport, and deposition of

fragmented rock material over wider areas and

often greater distances

are cracks that result from stress,

rocks do not show noticeable displacement

along breaks but are among most important

of all in facilitating weathering

Rock opening: Joints

are breaks in bedrock along which

there has been forced displacement of the

rock structure

faults

are holes of various

sizes that develop in cooling lava when

gas is unable to escape as it solidifies

lava vesicles

are holes formed in

carbonate rocks as soluble minerals are

dissolved, carried away by percolating

water

solution cavities

Salt Wedging

Saline solutions enter the cracks in a

rock and evaporate, leaving behind

salt crystals

Curved layers peel off of bedrock.

 when the cracks develop parallel to

the land surface

 reduction in pressure takes place

during uplift and erosion.

Exfoliation

___ is a form of chemical weathering,

specifically an oxidation process.

Rusting

Simplest form is ____, or___, ____

pieces of rock downslope

 Talus, pieces of unsorted, angular rock which

accumulates at the base of steep slopes

 Particles are roughly sorted by size.

 however, the dislodged rocks collect in

sloping, cone-shaped piles called talus

cones

fall

A land____ is any type of slope failure

involving instantaneous collapse of a

slope, movement along generally flat

sliding plane

 Not need fluid flow

 Could be activated from added weight

of rainfall or earthquakes

Slide

When a slope becomes

unstable as it absorbs water,

material flows downhill

 range from rapid to gradual

and impelled by gravity

 most common flow is an

earth____ where a portion of a

water-saturated slope moves a

limited distance downhill

Flow

___ erosion, the collision of raindrops

with the ground is strong enough to blast fine soil

particles upward and outward.

splash

____ erosion, water flows across the

surface as a thin s_____, transporting material

already loosened by ____ erosion.

sheet

rill or gully erosion:

rill erosion

Rill or gully erosion:

gully erosion

what is 3 and 4

rill and gully

what is the top channel?

straight

have winding

curvatures that are gentle and irregular.

sinuous

exhibit intricate

pattern of smooth curves

meandering

consist of multiple

interwoven channels separated by low

bars or islands of sand, gravel, or other

loose debris.

Generally near mountain fronts

braided chanels

Consequent stream: follows or disobeys initial slope of land?

follows initial slope.

Subsequent stream: follows or disobeys initial slope of land?

disobeys and exploits zones of structural weakness.

superimposed stream:

initial structure

controlling the drainage has been

eroded, no resemblance to current

surface structure.

which drainage pattern

dendritic

which drainage pattern

trellis

which drainage pattern:

radial

which drainage pattern:

centripetal

which drainage pattern:

annular

a U-shaped or crescent-shaped body of water that forms when a wide meander (curve) from a river is cut off and isolated, typically in low-lying plains

oxbow lake

a natural fluvial process where a river shortens its course by breaching the narrow neck of a horseshoe-shaped bend ), creating a new, direct channel

cutoff meander

a steep, nearly vertical bank formed by erosion on the outside bend of a meandering stream, where water flows fastestc

cutbanks

As a wave reaches shallow water it becomes a wave of ____,

with significant horizontal movement of surface water

frictional slows waves, which bunch together, wavelength decreases,

wave height increases.

 As the wave gets higher and steeper, it tilts forward, then breaks as

white water surf, a breaker, or no crest at all.

translation

Stream Outflow

Streams are source of most sediment

deposited on shorelines

Coastal Sediment Transport

nearly all transport of sediment

along coastlines occurs by wave

action and local currents

 longshore currents

 beach drifting

 -______ affect coastal topography the

most, as water and sediment move roughly

parallel to shoreline

 typically reflects local wind direction

 prominent transporters of sand

longshore currents

_____shifting of sand directly onshore

by breaking and retreating waves

short distance

____ movement of sediment with wave action,

as waves break onshore at an angle

zigzag

_____flattish, wave-deposited

sediment platforms

Berm