KSSM Biology Form 4 Chapter 14: Support and Movement in Humans and Animals

Vocabulary flashcards covering skeletal systems, joint types, and spinal conditions based on the KSSM Biology Form 4 material.

Main functions of the skeletal system

Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.

Types of animal skeletons

Hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton.

Hydrostatic skeleton

A skeleton formed by fluid-filled cavities that provide support and movement.

Hydrostatic skeleton example

Earthworm.

Earthworm locomotion

By alternating contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles.

Exoskeleton

A hard external skeleton that supports and protects the body.

Exoskeleton examples

Crab, insect, or prawn.

Chitin

The substance that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods.

Endoskeleton

An internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage.

Endoskeleton examples

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Human skeleton divisions

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

Axial skeleton

The skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.

Appendicular skeleton

The pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, and legs.

Total adult human bones

$206$ bones.

Skull functions

Protects the brain and supports the face.

Vertebral column functions

Supports the body and protects the spinal cord.

Human vertebrae count

$33$ vertebrae.

Vertebral column regions

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Ligament

A tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Tendon

A tough connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Synovial joint

A freely movable joint containing synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid functions

Lubricates the joint and reduces friction.

Hinge joint

A joint that allows movement in one plane, such as the elbow and knee.

Ball-and-socket joint

A joint that allows movement in all directions, such as the shoulder and hip.

Antagonistic muscles (upper arm)

Biceps and triceps.

Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become weak and brittle.

Scoliosis

Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

Lordosis

Excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine.

Kyphosis

Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine.