Integrated science

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of all living organisms, consisting of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane.

Red blood cells

Specialized cells that transport oxygen throughout the body and contain hemoglobin.

white blood cells

A type of blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by defending the body against infections and foreign substances.

Animal Cells

Cells that make up animals, characterized by a lack of a cell wall and presence of membrane-bound organelles.

Plant cells

Cells that make up plants, characterized by a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a central vacuole.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods, primarily glucose, from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

REPRODUCTION in plants

Processes by which plants produce new individuals and increase in size. This includes both sexual reproduction through seeds and asexual methods like cuttings.

parts of a flower

The reproductive structures of flowering plants, including sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, which facilitate reproduction.

Skeleton system

The skeletal system is the body’s support framework, made up of over 200 bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

Transport system

The human transport system is the circulatory system, which moves blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes around the body.

Excretion

Excretion is the biological process by which living organisms remove metabolic waste products from their bodies to maintain internal balance (homeostasis). It’s different from egestion, which is the removal of undigested food (feces).

egestion

The process of eliminating undigested food waste from the body, commonly in the form of feces.

difference between egestion and excretion

Egestion is the removal of undigested food (feces) from the body, while excretion is the process of removing metabolic waste products to maintain internal balance.

Main Excretory Organs in Humans

• Kidneys

  • Filter blood to remove urea, excess salts, and water.

  • Produce urine, which is carried by ureters to the bladder.

• Lungs

  • Excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor during breathing.

• Skin

  • Excretes water, salts, and small amounts of urea through sweat.

• Liver

  • Breaks down toxins and old red blood cells; produces bile pigments.

explain the mechanism of excretion by the lungs, skin and kidneys in humans

• Lungs: Excrete CO₂ and water vapor via breathing.

• Skin: Excretes sweat (water, salts, urea).

• Kidneys: Excrete urine (urea, salts, water) through filtration and reabsorption.

SENSE ORGANS AND COORDINATION

involves the body's ability to perceive and respond to external stimuli through specialized organs. The main sense organs include the eyes (vision), ears (hearing), nose (smell), tongue (taste), and skin (touch).

Ear

The ear is the organ responsible for both hearing and balance, and it is divided into three main regions: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.

eyes

The eye is the sensory organ of vision, designed to detect light and convert it into electrical signals that the brain interprets as images.

tongue

The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth that plays a vital role in taste, speech, and food manipulation. It is covered with tiny structures called papillae, many of which contain taste buds — sensory receptors that detect the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.

skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and forms the outer protective covering. It has three main layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).