Reproduction

Spermatozoa (male) are made in

Seminiferous tubules through spermatogenesis

Made in large numbers

Ova (female) are made in

Follicles in the ovarian follicles through oogenesis

Each female is born with limited number

Reproductive cells - characteristics

Have only one pair of chromosomes - aka haploid

Undergo meiosis, not mitosis

Takes reproductive cell from each gender of a species - creates a full

Main functions of male reproductive system

Produce sex hormones

Make spermatozoa

Deliver them to female at appropriate time

Testes

Make spermatozoa

What are accessory glands

They make up part of semen that is not spermatozoa, produce fluids to help the sperm survive until they meet the ovum

What are the kinds of accessory glands in a male

Seminal vesicles - in domestic animals except cat and dog

Prostate gland - only accessory glands in dog

Bulbourethral gland - in domestic animals except dog

What are the different ducts in a male

Efferent ducts

Vas deferens

Urethra

Efferent ducts

Spermatozoa flows trough the efferent ducts to the epididymis

Vas deferens

Moves sperm from epididymis to urethra

Urethra (males)

Moves sperm to penis and out of body

What is the function of the external genitalia in the male

Allows for transfer of spermatozoa to the female productive tract via copulation

What are the types of male external genitalia

Prepuce

Penis

Prepuce

Sheath of skin that encloses the penis

Penis

Is unique in the domesticated dog and other canine speices

Consists of roots, body, glans

Functions of female reproductive system

Produce sex hormones

Make ova

House and embryo during growth and development

Give birth and provide nutrition after birth

Ovaries

Where ova are formed

strogen and progesterone are released here

Oviducts

Fallopian tubes - the tubes by which ova leave the ovaries

Uterus

Hollow organ where the fertilized egg attaches and develops

Cervix

Caudal end of the uterus, valve that seals off the uterus

Vagina

Canal for insemination and birth

Vulva

External portion

Components of the vulva

Vestibule

Labia

Clitoris

Different types of reproductive cycles

Polyestrous

Seasonally polyestrous

Diestrous

Monoestrous

Anestrus

Polyestrous

2 or more estrous cycles

Sasonally polyestrous

Cycles only during certain parts of the year

Diestrous

Resting period between cycles

2 cycles are year (I think?)

Monoestrous

Single estrous in a year

Anestrus

Not ovulating, not sexually receptive

When does breeding occur

When female is in estrus

What are some things that occur after breeding

Capacitation

Fertilization of ovum

Cleavage

Implementation

Placenta formation

Capacitation

Changes in the spermatozoa while in female’s reproductive tract

Fertilization of ovum

Creation of the zygote

Cleavage

Fertilized ovum splits into many cellls

Implementation

Fertilized ovum implants into the endometrium (the lining of the uterus)

Placenta formation

Begins when fertilized egg attaches to the uterus

Gestation (general definition)

The period in which the fertilized egg develops into a viable animal

Gestational period of dog

59-68 days

Gestational period of cat

56-69 days

Gestational period of rabbits

30-32 days

Gestational period of horses

320-346 days (11 months)

Gestational period of cows

271-291 days (9 months - kinda like humans)

Gestational period of sheep

143-151 days

Gestational period of ferrets

42 days

Gestation is usually split into how many segments

Three segments - like three trimesters

First trimester

Organization of the implemented zygote

Second trimester

Fetal development - where embryo becomes a fetus, body systems develop

Third trimester

Fetal growth* - fetus grows much larger in preparation for birth and loss of placental support

What are some things that happen leading up to parturition or giving birth

Progesterone levels decline

Glucocorticoids levels in fetus increase

Sensitivity to oxytocin increases

Oxytocin triggers labor

Three stages of labor

Uterine contractions

Delivery of newborn

Delivery of placenta

What will happen to animals that produce litters in terms of the three stages of labor

They will alternate between second and third stage - they deliver a newborn, and then deliver a placenta over and over

What happens to the uterus and some parts of the endometrial layer after birth

Uterus shrink and returns back to its original size

Endometrial layer where the placenta attached to will die then heal over → causes bloody discharge that gradually becomes darker and then stops completely in a month or two

Mammary gland characteristics

Has different number of teats in different animals

Produces colostrum* - pre-milk that contains lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and ANTIBODIES

In both males and females, but only females produce milk

Can be very specialized like in cows

Mammary gland components

Comprised of alveoli, alveoli ducts, gland and teat sinus, and streak canal

Lactation

Production of milk - begins at end of pregnant and will continue as long as gland is continually emptied via nursing

Or oxytocin letdown via stimulus of teat