PSY220 LEC 7-8 + Ageism Lecture

affective component of intergroup bias manifests as

prejudice

behavioral component of intergroup bias manifests as

discrimination

cognitive component of intergroup bias manifests as

stereotypes

ambivalent stereotypes

mix of both positive and negative stereotypes

affect misattribution procedure

prime with face to measure implicit prejudice by asking how pleasant or unpleasant neutral stimuli is

3 perspectives on origins of prejudice and discrimination

economic, motivational, and cognitive perspective

economic perspective of prejudice is based on what theory

realistic group conflict theory

ethnocentrism

glorifying own group while degrading others

realistic group conflict theory says that strongest feelings of prejudice comes from group that

feels they have the most to lose

resources in realistic group conflict theory may be

physical, economic, or conceptual

Robber’s Cave experiment

mimicking real world tension over resources by splitting boys camp into 2 groups to compete against each other, and then attempting to reduce intergroup conflict by introducing goals that required collaboration across groups

caveat of robber’s cave experiment

ingroup identification was difficult to eliminate entirely

outcomes of jigsaw classroom experiment

decreased prejudice, improved performance, higher self esteem, more cross-group friendships

jigsaw classroom

each student in a group teaches part of the lesson which builds mutual interdependence

economic perspectives of prejudice suggest that it can be reduced when groups

see themselves as needing to work together for a common goal

motivational perspective of prejudice says that

prejudice results from motivations to feel good about oneself

both viewing ____ and ______ can boost self esteem which increases prejudice

ingroups more positively, outgroups more negatively

hostile motivations are often directed at social groups that are seen as

lower in power

the difference between motivational and economic perspectives of prejudice is in their

explanations of how to reduce prejudice

according to the motivational perspective, how do we reduce prejudice

increase ingroup boundaries

cognitive perspective of prejudice

stereotypes help us process social information efficiently

when are we more likely to use stereotypes and use schemas

when we are mentally drained

outgroup homogeneity effect

members of outgroup viewed as more similar to each other

outgroup homogeneity effect leads to impaired ability to

view outgroup members as distinct individuals

illusory correlations

false beliefs about groups because we remember distinct events (minority and negative are more memorable than majority and positive)

from illusory correlations, we falsely assume that minority groups

are more frequently correlated to negative acts

social dominance theory

hierarchies are upheld through individual and institutional discrimination

social dominant orientation

sees hierarchy as fair often because they are in power

just world hypothesis

cognitive bias that says people get what they deserve and fails to acknowledge role of luck

what factors maintain social hierarchies

belief in meritocracy, dehumanization, systemic inequalities

dehumanization

denying humanity of individuals or groups

stereotype content model dimensions

warmth and competence

4 types of prejudice in the stereotype content model

paternalistic, admiration, contemptuous, envious

paternalistic prejudice has ___ warmth and ___ competence

high, low

admiration has ___ warmth and ___ competence

high, high

contemptuous prejudice has ___ warmth and ___ competence

low, low

envious prejudice has ___ warmth and ___ competence

low, high

bias in omission

underrepresentation and inattention in society due to intersectional invisibility

benefits of intersectional invisibility

not being prototypical leads to less resistance in acting in ways that stray from group stereotypes

stereotype threat

anxiety that person will act in a way that confirms negative stereotypes about their own social group

stereotype threat increases ___ and is a source of

arousal, distraction

Allport’s 5 optimal conditions for contract to reduce prejudice

equal status, common goals, no competition, sanctioned by authority/social norms, friendship

are all of Allport’s conditions required for change in prejudice

no but there is a greater effect with optimal contact

can contact generalize to other individuals in a group?

yes

which groups does contact work for to reduce prejudice

all, but to varying degrees

__ was the strongest predictor for reducing prejudice during contact, particularly among

friendship, high conflict groups

which group had highest cross ethnic interactions in daily diaries

high implicit prejudice and cross group

extended contact effect

knowledge of an ingroup member’s cross group friends is sufficient to improve intergroup attitudes

ageism

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination towards others based on age

descriptive stereotypes

trait based assumptions applied to older adults

descriptive stereotypes of older adults are

ambivalent

social identity threat theory

individuals maintain self esteem through identification with an ingroup

descriptive stereotypes may also reinforce ___ prejudice to _____

patronizing, boost self esteem

social identity threat theory may explain why

younger people have descriptive stereotypes of older adults

how does descriptive ageism manifest in healthcare settings

over accommodation and neglect

prescriptive ageism 3 areas

succession, consumption, identity

succession prescriptive ageism

older adults should cede enviable resources

consumption prescriptive ageism

older adults should minimize use of shared resources

identity prescriptive ageism

older adults should minimize use of symbolic social resources and act their age

why might people endorse prescriptive ageist stereotypes

realistic group conflict theory

how is ageism measured

prescriptive ageism scale

stereotype embodiment theory

people who are aware of negative age stereotypes end up embodying those stereotypes and have negative health outcomes

stereotype threat

fear of confirming negative stereotypes which worsens performance

conclusion from weiss and freund study on priming negative information on age

older adults are motivated to distance themselves from negative age stereotypes by reporting feeling younger

adoption of younger felt age may reflect ____, but fear of aging might also motivate ____

fear of aging, preventative health related behavior

older adults that described feeling younger are rated as more ____ and ____

competent and healthier

expectations of older adults’ counter stereotypical behavior may elicit

negative evaluations and backlash

cognitive processes leading to discrimination

distinguishing differences, associating differences negatively, separating us from them

inclusion of the outgroup in the self

younger and older adults willing to see each other as ingroup members which reduces endorsement of age stereotypes

contact with older adults across various settings is associated with decreases in

age related stereotypes, prejudice, and discriminatory intentions

contact with older adults is most effective when prominent contact is with

unfamiliar older adults