History Module 10 and 11 test vocab

M10L1 Byzantine Empire

Empire centered in Constantinople, ruled by Justinian.

M10L1 Bosporus Strait

Body of water that remained part of the Byzantine Empire

M10L1 Justinian

(483-565) Byzantine emperor from 527-565; he reunited the parts of the Roman Empire, Simplified Roman laws with his code, and ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia.

M10L1 The Justinian Code

Body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of Justinian around 534

M10L1 Constantinople

Historic city located on Bosporous strait. It was the capital of Byzantine Empire.

M10L1 Hagia Sophia

Cathedral of Holy wisdom in Constantinople

M10L1 Greco-Roman Culture

the transmission of knowledge and ideas that originated in the ancient Mediterranean world.

M10L1 Empress Theodora

Justinian’s wife.

M10L1 Plague

Infectious disease. The black plague was one in this time.

M10L1 Attacks From East and West

Russian groups attacked the byzantine empire in this time.

M10L1 Religious Schism

when a single religious body divides and becomes two separate religious bodies. The split can be violent or nonviolent but results in at least one of the two newly created bodies considering itself distinct from the other.

M10L1 Patriarch

a principal bishop in the eastern branch of christianity

M10L1 Icons

a religious image used by eastern christianity

M10L1 Excommunication

The taking away of a person’s right to be a member in the christian church.

M10L1 Roman Catholicism & Eastern Orthodoxy

The church in the West became known as the Catholic Church, since Catholic meant that it was the church for everyone. Likewise, the church in the East became known as the Orthodox Church, meaning that they were the church that believed what was right, or orthodox.

M10L1 Cryrllic Alphabet

alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, created by Saints Cyril and Methodius

M10L2 Slavs

People from the forests north of the black sea, ancestors of many people in eastern Europe today.

M10L2 Russia’s Birth

The first forerunner of a state, which was in the territories of East Slavs, was named, “Rus,” and was established by the Viking clan called the, “Rus,” in the 9th century. Rich culture, and prosperous trade with the Byzantine Empire, made it the dominant ruler of, what is today, Western Russia.

M10L2 Vladimir

Grand prince of Kiev who made christianity the state religion.

M10L2 Kiev

a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east–west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe.

M10L2 Kievan Russia

a kingdom made up of Viking and Eastern Slavic peoples. The center of this medieval state was the city of Kiev.

M10L2 Mongol Invasions

took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history.

M10L2 Alexander Nevsky

Russian hero who defeated many different threats, and was a vassal of the mongols. He controlled Russia for a long time.

M10L2 Russian Empire Emerges

After escaping mongolian power an invasions, the new empire emerged.

M10L2 Russian art & architecture

By the medieval period, stone and brick became more common, and Russian architecture incorporated influences from Central Asia and Byzantium, especially in religious and imperial buildings. During the Russian Empire, grand palaces and civic buildings emerged with neoclassical symmetry and Baroque opulence.

M10L3 Middle Ages

Era in European history that follow the fall of the roman empire, lasting from 500-1500

M10L3 Invasions

the movement of an army into a region, usually in a hostile attack that's part of a war or conflict.

M10L3 Disruption of trade

Merchants faced invasions from both land and sea. Their businesses collapsed. The breakdown of trade destroyed Europe’s cities as economic centers. Money became scarce.

M10L3 Downfall of Cities

With the fall of the Roman Empire, cities were abandoned as centers of administration.

M10L3 Population Shifts

As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas. Roman cities were left without strong leadership. Other city dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their own food. The population of western Europe became mostly rural.

M10L3 Decline of Learning

Few people except priests and other church officials were literate. Knowledge of Greek, long important in Roman culture, was almost lost. Few people could read Greek works of literature, science, and philosophy. The Germanic tribes, though, had a rich oral tradition of songs and legends.

M10L3 Secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

M10L3 Loss of common language

As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin changed. While it was still an official language, it was no longer understood. Different dialects developed as new words and phrases became part of everyday speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages had evolved from Latin.

M10L3 Germanic Kingdoms Emerge

In the years of upheaval between 400 and 600, small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces. The borders of those kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war.

M10L3 Concept of Government Changes

Loyalty to public government and written law had unified Roman society. Family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state, held Germanic society together. Unlike Romans, Germanic peoples lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions.

M10L3 Franks

Germanic People who settled in the Roman province of Gaul

M10L3 Germans Adopt Christianity

By 600, the Church, with the help of Frankish rulers, had converted many Germanic peoples. These new converts had settled in Rome’s former lands. Missionaries also spread Christianity. These religious travelers often risked their lives to bring religious beliefs to other lands.

M10L3 Monasteries

religious community of men (monks) who have devoted themselves to a life of prayer and worship

M10L3 Carolingian Dynasty

Dynasty of Frankish rulers, from 751-987

M10L3 Charlemange

King of the Franks. He united most of France, and northern Italy, creating one empire.

M10L4 Invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

From about 800 to 1000, invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire. Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy. In 846, they sacked Rome. Magyar invaders struck from the east. And from the north came the fearsome Vikings.

M10L4 Feudalism

the system in 10th-13th century European medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units (fiefs).

M10L4 Lord

Person who controlled land and who could grant land to vassals

M10L4 Fief

an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system.

M10L4 Vassal

a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for loyalty and services.

M10L4 Knight

armed warrior who fought on horseback

M10L4 Serf

medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate.

M10L4 Manor

a lords state in feudal europe

M10L4 Tithe

family’s payment of 1/10 their income to the church

M10L5 Chivalry

code of behavior for knights. showing ideas of courage, loyalty and devotion.

M10L5 Tournament

A mock battle between groups of knights

M10L5 Troubadour

A medieval poet and musician who traveled, entertaining people through songs of courtly love

M11L1 Clergy

a body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers, or rabbis.

M11L1 Sacraments

one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people.

M11L1 Canon Law

the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church.

M11L1 Holy Roman Empire

ulti-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

M11L1 Papal States

a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

M11L1 Lay Investiture

bestowal of a church office by a member of the secular nobility rather than by church officials:

M11L1 Concordat of Worms

an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.

M11L2 Age of Faith

religion dominated all aspects of life from architecture, literature, art and music. The dominant religion during this period was Christianity.

M11L2 Cathedrals

a Christian church that contained the official “seat” or throne of a bishop

M11L2 Gothic Architechture

relating to a style of architecture that developed in medieval Europe featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, etc.

M11L2 Crusades

One of the expeditions in which medieval christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

M11L2 Saladin

Muslim satan and hero

M11L2 Holy Land

the city of Jerusalem and the surrounding areas

M11L2 Effects of the Crusades

lessened power for the pope, greater power of the kings, also trading increased

M11L3 Three-Field System

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size

M11L3 Guilds

a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages and prices.

M11L3 Commercial Revolution

the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

M11L3 Fairs and Trade

Most trade took place in towns. Great fairs were held several times a year, usually during religious festivals, when many people would be in town.

M11L3 Letters of Credit

a document issued by a bank allowing the bearer to withdraw a specific amount of money from the bank or its branches.

M11L3 Burghers

a medieval merchant-class town dweller.

M11L3 Muslim connection

In the 1100s, Christian scholars from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain.Jewish scholars living in Spain were able to translate the Arabic versions of works by Aristotle and other Greek writers into Latin. This gave them more knowlege.

M11L3 Scholars and University

The word university originally referred to a group of scholars meeting wherever they could. People, not buildings, made up the medieval university.

M11L3 Vernacular

the everyday language of people in a region or country.

M11L3 Thomas Aquinas

Italian Dominican friar and priest, the foremost Scholastic thinker, as well one of the most influential philosophers and theologians in the Western tradition.

M11L3 Scholastics

scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities.

M11L4 Magna Carta

a document, written by English nobles, as a way to present their demands to the king. It was a contract between the king and nobles of England.

M11L4 Parliament

a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation.

M11L4 Estates

an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

M11L5 Great Schicm

a division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome.

M11L5 John Wycliffe

English philosopher who preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church; he inspired an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible.

M11L5 Jan Hus

Czech professor who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope.

M11L5 Great Famine

(1315–1317) a prolonged period of major crop failures that led to mass starvation in Northern Europe.

M11L5 Black Death

a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people.

M11L5 Hundred Year’s War

a conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453.

M11L5 Joan of Arc

French soldier and national heroine; she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years’ War and was burned at the stake for heresy.