zoo lab 11 (phylum chordata, classes aves and mammalia + pig dissection)

at some point, all chordates will have these 5 features

notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, endostyle

2 key features of class aves

feathers, hollow bones

why are bird bones hollow?

lightweight for flight

what bone in birds is “keeled”?

sternum

birds have some bones that are ____ together

fused

avian and mammalian hearts have __ chambers

4

4-chambered hearts have __ atria and __ ventricles

2, 2

birds and mammals have _____-circuit circulation

double

bird classification (phylum, subphylum, class)

phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata, class aves

pig classification (phylum, subphylum, class, order, genus, species)

phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata, class mammalia, order, artiodactyla, genus sus, species scrofa

mammals are ___thermic and _____thermic

endo, homeo

what does it mean to be endothermic?

create own heat

what does it mean to be homeothermic?

maintain internal temperature

mammals give birth to ___ young

live

term for giving birth to live young

viviparous

is mammal fertilization done internally or externally?

internally

2 features unique to fetal mammals

fetal membrane, placental attachment

mammals have _____ dentition

heterodont

what is heterodont dentition?

different teeth for different functions

what bone are teeth attached to in mammals?

dentary

3 gland types that are unique to mammals

sweat, hair, mammary

function of hair and sweat glands

temperature regulation

function of diaphragm

aids lung inflation

the left side of the heart circulates _____ blood and the right side circulates ______ blood

oxygenated, deoxygenated

mammals have a large ______ (part of brain)

cerebrum

mammals have a complete secondary ______

palate

are mammals more involved when it comes to parental care?

yes

3 main parts of mammalian axial skeleton

skull, spine, ribs

generally, the bones of ______ make up the appendicular skeleton

appendages

another term for atrium

auricle

another term for vibrissae

whiskers

function of vibrissae

tactile sensory

2 functions of umbilical cord

removes waste, brings nutrients and oxygen

2 external features of male fetal pig

scrotum, urogenital opening near umbilical cord

1 external feature of female fetal pig

urogenital opening near anus

function of adductor muscles

pull body part to midline

function of abductor muscles

push body part away from midline

function of flexor muscles

bend body part towards another

function of extensor muscles

straighten body part

muscle origin

fixed end

muscle insertion

movable end

2 deltoid functions

flexes shoulder, adducts forelimb

triceps function

extends forelimb

pectoralis profundus function

adducts forelimb

2 external oblique functions

compresses abdomen, flexes trunk

2 biceps femoris functions

flexes hind limb, abducts thigh

gastrocnemius function

extends hind foot

mylohyoid function

raises floor of mouth

masseter function

elevates mandible

brachiocephalicus function

moves forelimb cranially

pectoralis superficialis function

adducts forelimb

what is the glottis?

opening to larynx

what is epiglottis made of?

cartilage

epiglottis function

prevents food and water from entering lungs

sequence of food passing through pig body (9)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, spiral colon, rectum, anus

2 locations for chemical digestion in pigs

stomach, duodenum

4 locations for absorption in pigs

jejunum, ileum, spiral colon, rectum

bile is produced by the _____ and stored in the _______

liver, gallbladder

the cecum in pigs is like the ______ in humans

appendix

function of pancreas in pigs

produce digestive enzyme

2 functions of spleen

filters blood, stores red blood cells

______ carry blood away from the heart

arteries

_____ carry blood back to the heart

veins

describe systemic flow

heart brings oxygenated blood to body

describe pulmonary flow

heart brings deoxygenated blood to lungs

what is the name for tissue covering the heart?

pericardium

right ventricle function

pump deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

left ventricle function

pump oxygenated blood from heart to body

right atrium function

receive deoxygenated blood from body

left atrium function

receive oxygenated blood from lungs

function of vena cavae

bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium

function of pulmonary artery

takes blood from right ventricle to lungs

aorta/aortic arch function

brings oxygenated blood from heart to body

umbilical vein function

returns oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava

function of renal arteries and veins

bring oxygenated blood to kidneys, return deoxygenated blood to heart

umbilical artery function

bring blood to placenta to receive oxygen

common name for larynx

voice box

larynx function

allows vocalization

flow of air through pig (7)

nares, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

kidney function

filter blood

ureter function

brings urine from kidney to bladder

bladder function

store urine

function of seminiferous tubules within testes

produce sperm

where is sperm stored?

epididymis

seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland function

provide fluid for semen

what organ produces and releases eggs?

ovary

what organ receives mature egg from ovary?

oviduct

in which part of the pig uterus does embryonic development take place?

uterine horns

what hormone does the thymus gland produce?

thymosin

thymosin function

stimulate immune system

2 hormones that the thyroid gland produces

thyroxine, calcitonin

thyroxine function

controls metabolism and growth

calcitonin function

lowers blood calcium levels

3 hormones that the pancreas produces

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

insulin function

lowers blood glucose levels

glucagon function

raises blood glucose levels

somatostatin function

releases insulin and glucagon

4 hormones that the adrenal gland produces

epinephrine, norepinephrine, corticosteroids, aldosterone

epinephrine and norepinephrine functions

mediate response to stress

corticosteroid function

control carb and protein metabolism