Biology Chapter 5: Cells to Systems Practice Flashcards

A set of 20 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering plant and animal systems, including vascular tissues, digestion, excretion, and the endocrine system based on the provided lecture notes.

Multicellular organisms arrange specialized cells into four levels of increasing complexity: cells, __________, organs, and systems.

tissues

In vascular plants, __________ tissue is responsible for transporting water and minerals in one direction from the roots to the leaves.

xylem

The __________ pathway of water absorption in roots occurs when water and solutes diffuse through the gaps between cells until reaching the Casparian strip.

extracellular

Without other forces acting, it is physically impossible to raise water higher than __________ in a straw due solely to the difference between atmospheric pressure and a vacuum.

$$10.3\,m$$

The movement of organic substances, such as sugars, through the phloem from a source to a __________ is known as translocation.

sink

Xylem tissue is composed of vessel elements and tracheids which are strengthened by woody __________ deposits to provide structural support.

lignin

Physical digestion, also known as __________ digestion, involves the breakdown of food into smaller pieces through chewing or muscular contractions.

mechanical

The stomach creates an acidic environment for the digestion of proteins with a pH range of __________.

$$1-3$$

The surface of the small intestine is covered in finger-like projections called __________ which increase surface area to maximize nutrient absorption.

villi

Bile, which is essential for the physical breakdown of fats, is produced in the __________ and stored in the gallbladder.

liver

In the liver, the amine group $(NH_2)$ of amino acids is converted to ammonia $(NH_3)$ through a process called __________.

deamination

The __________ is the first section of the nephron which collects primary filtrate from the glomerulus.

Bowman’s capsule

The functional unit of the kidney, comprising a glomerulus and a tubule system that produces urine, is the __________.

nephron

Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes known as __________.

ureters

Signalling molecules released from endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate distant target cells are called __________.

hormones

The __________ gland is located in the brain and is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it regulates several other endocrine glands.

pituitary

In the pancreatic islets, __________ cells are responsible for producing and secreting the hormone insulin.

beta

The __________ glands, located above the kidneys, produce hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol to manage the body's stress response.

adrenal

The evaporation of water from leaf surfaces and the subsequent movement of fluids up the xylem is a passive process called __________.

transpiration

The four major tissue types found in complex animals are muscle, nerve, epithelial, and __________ tissue.

connective