Intro Psych Exam 5

personality

a person’s compilation of traits (characteristic style, behavior, thinking, and feeling)

Traits

relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular way

What does personality research focus on?

overarching traits, their origin, and stability

Big 5 personality traits

Openness- imaginative, variety vs. routine and conforming

Conscientiousness: organized vs. disorganized

extraversion: outgoing vs. introverted

agreeableness: helpful, trusting vs. ruthless and uncooperative

Neuroticism: worried/insecure vs. calm and self-satisfied

Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception test

Examples of projective tests, with ambiguous presentation to interpret personality

What are the components of the Myers Briggs test

extroversion-introversion

sensing-intuition

thinking-feeling

judging-perceiving

Limitations of self-reports

Myers-Brigg not accurate

participant could lie

The Four D’s (personality disorder)

Deviance

Distress

Dysfunction

Danger

DSM-5-TR Clusters

A: Odd/Eccentric

B: Dramatic/Erratic (Antisocial, Borderline)

C: Anxious/Inhibited

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

socio/psychopaths; lack of conscience, remorse, empathy

Developmental: Cruelty, fire-setting, destruction of property

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Intense fear of abandonment

Unstable mood

Difficult treatment (One disorder, or compounded?)

BPD common behaviors

Splitting/triangulating

cutting

clack and white thinking

idealization and devaluation

Problems with Personality disorder

Gender bias, little attention given to children, overlap with other diseases, stigma

Developmental Psychology

The study of human psychological changes throughout the lifespan

Major issues of Developmental Psychology

Nature vs. Nurture

continuous vs. discrete process

cross-sectional vs. longitudinal design

Ecological Systems Model

Factors that influence a child’s development within a system/particular context

Transactional Model

Nature and Nurture are constantly interacting and changing (with) each other

Equifinality

Different causes lead to the same presentation in different people

Multifinality

Same experience can lead to different presentations in different people

teratogens

factors that cause physical malformations neurodivergent development

1st trimester (week 9-12)

9: fetus

10/11: Dendrites and Synapses form

12: major brain structures fully formed, keeps growing

2nd trimester (week 13-21)

Feeling baby’s movement and sleep cycles, can find out gender

2nd trimester (week 21-28)

Apoptosis (40-60%)

3rd Trimester (29-40 weeks)

Myelinating of axons

Describe behavior and neural development at Infancy

Reflexive behavior: rooting, sucking, blinking, Babinski

Synaptic pruning until 4-6 years

Describe the skills babies have at birth (VIP)

Voice: Can distinguish Mother’s voice

Imitation: baby prefers social stimuli over all others

Prosody: Can distinguish native language

High-amplitude Sucking Paradigm

babies given a pacifier suck harder when they hear a change. Sucking strength/rate is measured

Preferential Looking Paradigm

Babies look longer at things they find more interesting, appealing, or surprising

Infant Amnesia

Can’t remember things before 8 months

cephalocaudal rule (6-9 months)

motor skills develop head to toe

Proximodistal

Motor skills develop inside out

Levels of Kohlberg’s Moral Development

preconventional (-9y/o): pleasure, self-interest

conventional (9-13): rules, social expectations, pleasing others

postconventional (13+): universal ethical principles

Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor (birth-2): experiences world through senses, action

Preoperational (2-7): mental representation, conservation error (two cups the same volume but different sizes)

Concrete Operational (7-11): logical thinking but struggles with hypotheticals

Formal Operational (11+): can think about abstract concepts, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning

Weaknesses of Piaget’s Theory

underestimate children, vague processes, development is more a continuum than stages

Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal development

Intersubjectivity: mutual, shared understanding of shared and unique experiences between people

Zone of Proximal Development

what a child can achieve with an MKO but not indpendently

Rouge Test

red mark on child’s head to test self-awareness

Theory of Mind

Ability to understand that others have different experiences and thought’s from your own

Bowlby’s stages of Attachment

Preattachment (birth-2 months): learning from responses of caregivers

Attachment in the making (2-8 months): smile more for primary caregivers than strangers

True attachment (8 months-1.5 years): parents are primary sources of comfort

Reciprocal relationships

Attachment types (Strange Situation Experiment)

Secure: upset when mother leaves, calms with return

Insecure/avoidant: no reaction to mom leaving and coming back

Ambivalent/resistant: upset when mother leaves, avoidant/seeking them out upon return

Disorganized: no real pattern, don’t know what to do

Factors that undermine attachment

Abuse, Neglect, Parenting styles, Child care (?)

How does daycare affect development?

no change

Parenting Styles

Authoritative

Authoritarian

Perimssive

Indifferent/uninvolved

Why does Puberty occur earlier than it did 2 years ago?

only possibilities: environment (trauma)

Erikson Psychosocial Development

Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust

Toddler: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt

Childhood: Industry vs. Inferiority

Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Young adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Middle adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation

What shifts occur in adolescent development?

• formation of self-concept through exploration

• family to peer group shift

Why is emerging adulthood more common in industrialized countries

more higher education, changing roles of women in society, economic pressures

transition to adulthood

being cared for to self-care

marriage preparedness

self-care to being able to care for others

Erikson’s adulthood crises

intimacy, generativity

What intelligence abilities increase and decrease with aging?

increase: crystallized intelligence, spatial abilities, abstract reasoning

decrease: fluid intelligence

Proactive wellness activities

stress reduction, eating healthy, psychoeducation

Does risk of depression increase with age?

Not necessarily, but more likely in certain circumstances (nursing homes)

Alzheimer’s disease

Genetic mutation, progressive decline in memory and cognition

• 2/3 of all neurocognitive cases

• senile plaques between neurons, neurofibrillary tangles within neurons

Common ideals for a good death

identity, meaning, relationships, control, preparedness for death

Neurodivergence

difference vs. disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder is all about

Behavior

Describe the developmental pathways involved in ASP

don’t prioritize social information (faces, voices) like normal

genetics is a big factor (also environmental contributions)

ASD Treatment

Applied Behavior Analysis, Speech therapy, occupational therapy