[PCOG-LEC-MID-01-PT2] GLYCOSIDES: SAPONINS

THIS FLASH CARDS IS ABOUT GLYCOSIDES; SAPONINS (PART 2).

Saponin

This glycoside is widely distributed in higher plants.

Saponin

This glycoside acts as a natural detergent; forms colloidal solutions that foam upon shaking.

Natural detergent

What property of saponins allows them to form colloidal solutions and produce foam when shaken?

Bitter, acrid taste

What is the taste of saponins?

Sternutator

This characteristic of saponin irritates the mucous membranes resulting to sneezing.

Hemolytic

This characteristic of saponin lyses (destroy) the red blood cells.

Saponin

This is toxic to cold-blooded animals (e.g., Fish); used as a fish poison.

Saponin

Characteristics of?

• Optically active

• Soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble in organic solvent

False

Explanation: Saponins are optically active because they contain chiral carbon atoms in their sugar and aglycone (sapogenin) structures.

True or False

Saponins are not optically active.

False

Explanation: Saponins are soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble in organic solvents.

True or False

Saponins are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water and alcohol.

Saponin

This was discovered due to the search for another source to get another precursors for cortisone.

Sapogenins

GLYCOSIDES: SAPONIN

Aglycone is?

Sarsaponins

GLYCOSIDES: SAPONIN

Steroid saponin is?

Sapotoxin

GLYCOSIDES: SAPONIN

Poisonous saponin is?

Steroidal and Triterpenoid

What are the two (2) classification of saponins?

Steroidal

CLASSIFICATION OF SAPONIN:

• Neutral and similar to sapogenins

• Closely related to cardiac glycosides

• Precursor for steroid synthesis (cortisone)

Steroidal

This is neutral and similar to sapogenins.

Steroidal

This is closely related to cardiac glycosides.

Steroidal saponin

This saponin is also a precursor for steroid synthesis, especially the cortisone.

Diosgenin

This is one of the important steroid saponin.

Steroid

This structure is for?

Sapogenin

Triterpenoid is also known as?

Sapogenin

What is the acidic type of saponin?

Hemolysis Test

CHEMICAL TESTS: SAPONIN

Drop of blood + aq. Saponin sol. = Ruptured RBCs (hemolysis)

What type of test is this?

Ruptured RBCs (hemolysis)

What is the result in hemolysis test?

Foam/Froth Test

CHEMICAL TESTS: SAPONIN

1 gram of drug + water = Stable froth lasting for 60-120 seconds

What test is this?

Stable froth lasting for 60-120 seconds

What is the result in foam/froth test?

60-120 seconds

How long does the froth lasts in foam/froth test?

• Glycyrrhiza

• Dioscorea

• Ginseng

• Asparagus

• Gotu Kola

What are the five (5) plants containing saponin?

Glycyrrhiza

SAPONIN: PLANTS

Consist of the dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Leguminosae).

Glycyrrhiza glabra

What is the scientific name of Glycyrrhiza?

Licorice

What is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra?

Leguminosae

What is the family name of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)?

• Licorice

• Sweet liquorice

What are the other names of Glycyrrhiza?

Sweet root

The word “glycyrriha” is Greek in origin, meaning?

• Typica

• Glandulifera

What are the two (2) variations of Glycryrrhyza glabra?

Spanish Licorice

The variation Typica is called?

Russian Licorice

The variation Glandulifera is called?

Smooth

The word “glabra” means?

Glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhizic acid)

What do you call the constituent of glycyrrhiza that is 50x sweet at sugar.

Glycyrrhizic acid

Glycyrrhizin is also known as?

• Glycyrrhetic acid

• 2 molecules of Glucuronic acid

If glycyrrhizin was hydrolyzed, it will loose its sweet taste and will form the acids called?

• Demulcent

• Expectorant

• Flavoring agent to mask the taste of bitter drugs

• Increase foaminess of beer

• Added to chewing gums, chocolate candy, cigarettes, smoking mixtures

What are the five (5) uses of glycyrrhiza?

Mnemonics: DEFIA

• Aloe

• Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)

• Quinine

What are some examples of bitter drugs?

Glycyrrhetic acid

This acid is a product of hydrolysis of glycyrrhiza and is anti-inflammatory.

Anti-inflammatory

What is the effect of glycyrrhetic acid?

Licorice root extract

Glycyrrhetic Acid:

This is used as treatment for Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and Addison’s Disease.

• Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

• Addison’s Disease

Licorice root extract is a treatment for?

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

This is a condition in which open sores develop on the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine due to acid injury.

Addison’s Disease

This disease is the chronic adrenocortical insufficiency; adrenal glands does not produce enough hormones.

Glycyrrhizin

This increases the fluid and sodium (Na) retention contraindicating patients with hypertension and cardiac problems.

(Avoid constant eating of licorice sticks!)

Potassium

Glycyrrhizin promotes the depletion of?

Pure licorice root extract

or Pure glycyrrhiza extract

This is an ingredient in aromatic cascara sagrada fluid extract.

Glycyrrhiza Fluid Extract

This is a pharmaceutic aid

• Prepared by extracting coarsely ground licorice root + warm water; render alkaline by using ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), qs ad water (H₂O) and alcohol.

Dioscorea (Yam)

SAPONIN: PLANTS

The dried rhizome of several species of Dioscorea like Dioscorea spiculiflora and Dioscorea floribunda (Dioscoreaceae).

• Dioscorea spiculiflora

• Dioscorea floribunda

What are the several species of Dioscorea called (scientific name)?

Dioscoreaceae

What is the family name of Dioscorea (Yam)?

Diosgenin

This is abundant to the Dioscorea spiculiflora.

Dioscorea spiculiflora

This is the abundant major constituent of Diosgenin in what species of Dioscorea?

Dioscorea floribunda

This is the best source for steroids.

• Diosgenin

• Botogenin

What are the two (2) major constituents of Dioscorea?

Hydrolysis of diosin

Diosgenin is produced by the?

Ginseng

SAPONIN: PLANTS

Consists of dried roots of Panax ginseng and other species like Panax japonicus, Panax pseudoginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax trifolius.

Panax ginseng

Ginseng consists of dried roots of?

Panax ginseng

What is the scientific name of ginseng?

• Panax japonicus

• Panax pseudoginseng

• Panax quinquefolius

• Panax trifolius

Aside from Panax ginseng, ginseng consists of dried roots of what other species?

Asian ginseng

Panax ginseng is also known as?

American ginseng

Panax quinquefolius is also known as?

• Ginsenoside

• Chikusetsusaponin

• Panaxoside

What are the three (3) chemical constituent of Ginseng?

Adaptogen

USES OF GINSENG:

Helps the body to response to stress and fatigue.

Stress and Fatigue

The adaptogen property of ginseng helps the body to response to?

Carminative

USES OF GINSENG:

Relieves flatulence.

Flatulence

The carminative property of ginseng helps in relieving?

Demulcent

USES OF GINSENG:

Forms a film to relieve irritation of mucous membranes.

Mucous membranes

The demulcent property of ginseng forms a film to relieve irritation of?

Stimulatory effect on CNS

USES OF GINSENG:

Improves memory, increase alertness, antidepressant.

Inhibitory effect on CNS

USES OF GINSENG:

Neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant

Tonic

USES OF GINSENG:

Gives feeling of vigor/well-being.

Aphrodisiac

USES OF GINSENG:

Increases libido/seexual desire.

Asparagus

SAPONIN: PLANT

The drug is derived from dried tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus (Liliaceae).

Asparagus racemosus

Asparagus is derived from the dried roots of?

Asparagus racemosus

What is the scientific name of Asparagus?

Liliaceae

What is the family name of Asparagus (Asparagus racemosus)?

Shatavarin I-IV

What is the constituent of Asparagus?

Sarsapogenin

What is the aglycone unit of Shatavarin I-IV?

• Antispasmodic

• Aphrodisiacs

• Demulcent

• Diuretic

• Galactogogue

• Refrigerant

What are the five (5) uses of Asparagus?

Mnemonics: Double A, Double D, GR

Galactogogue

USES OF ASPARAGUS:

Promotes breast milk production.

Gotu Kola

SAPONIN: PLANTS

The fresh or dried herb of Centella asiatica (L.) (syn. Hydrocotyl asiatica) (Umbelliferae).

Centella asiatica

What is the scientific name of Gotu Kola?

Umbellliferae

What is the family name of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)?

• Indian pennywort

• Brahmin

Gotu Kola is also known as?

• Asiaticosides

• Indocentelloside

• Brahmoside

• Brahminoside

• Thankuniside; and

• Isothankuniside

What are the six (6) chemical constituents of Gotu Kola?

Mnemonics: AI-BB-TI

Asiaticosides

This is the most used chemical constituent of Gotu Kola.

• Stimulates collagen production

• Associated with wound healing

• Anti-inflammatory

• Antioxidant

What are the four (4) uses of Asiaticosides?

Mnemonics: SAAA

Collagen

USES OF ASIATICOSIDES:

This stimulates the production of?

Wound healing

USES OF ASIATICOSIDES:

Associated with?

Gotu Kola

These uses are from what saponin plants:

• Tonic

• In diseases of skin, nerves, blood

• Improve memory

• Increase keratinization

Connective tissue development

What is the primary mode of action of Gotu Kola that is part of the healing process?

Wound healing

USES OF GOTU KOLA:

In diseases of skin, it promotes?

Keratinization

USES OF GOTU KOLA:

Increases of this, strengthens skin and hair.