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Nativism

Fear or hostility toward immigrants and foreign cultures.

New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe arriving in the late 1800s.

Urbanization

Rapid growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration.

Political Machines

Organizations that controlled city politics through patronage and corruption.

Agricultural Struggles

Economic problems faced by farmers because of debt, low prices, and railroad costs.

Populist Party

Political party supporting farmers and free silver.

AFL

Labor union led by skilled workers seeking better wages and conditions.

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the AFL who favored collective bargaining.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader promoting vocational education and gradual progress.

W. E. B. Du Bois

Civil rights leader demanding immediate equality.

Industrialization

Growth of factories, railroads, and large-scale manufacturing.

Social Darwinism

Idea that success comes from 'survival of the fittest.'

Gospel of Wealth

Belief that the wealthy should help society through philanthropy.

Social Gospel

Movement encouraging Christians to address poverty and injustice.

Laissez-faire

Government policy of little interference in business.

Progressive Era

Reform period focused on fixing social and political problems.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and unsafe conditions.

William Jennings Bryan

Populist leader who supported free silver.

16th Amendment

Allowed a federal income tax.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of senators.

18th Amendment

Started Prohibition.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 strike where Theodore Roosevelt mediated between workers and owners.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy supporting equal trade access in China.

Imperialism

Expansion of a nation's political or economic control over other areas.

American-Filipino War

Conflict between the U.S. and Filipinos resisting American rule.

Zimmerman Telegram

German message encouraging Mexico to attack the U.S.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty ending WWI that created the League of Nations.

Isolationism

Policy of avoiding alliances and foreign conflicts.

Red Scare

Fear of communism in the United States.

Palmer Raids

Government raids against suspected radicals.

Lost Generation

Writers disillusioned by World War I.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist organization promoting racism and nativism.

Scopes Trial

Court case debating evolution in schools.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement attempting to outlaw war.

Great Depression

Severe worldwide economic collapse beginning in 1929.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans demanding early bonus payments.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless Americans during the Depression.

New Deal

FDR's programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

TVA

Program providing electricity and development to the Tennessee Valley.

Wagner Act

Law protecting labor unions and collective bargaining.

Huey Long

Louisiana politician promoting wealth redistribution.

Containment

U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. aid to countries resisting communism.

Marshall Plan

American financial aid to rebuild Europe after WWII.

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court case ending school segregation.

McCarthyism

Anti-communist accusations led by Joseph McCarthy.

Little Rock Nine

African American students integrating a high school in Arkansas.

Sputnik

First satellite launched by the Soviet Union.

NASA

U.S. space agency created during the Space Race.

Bay of Pigs

Failed U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Great Society

Lyndon Johnson's programs fighting poverty and inequality.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Resolution expanding U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

Major 1968 communist attack during the Vietnam War.

Counterculture

Youth movement rejecting traditional social norms in the 1960s.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy of shifting war responsibility to South Vietnam.

Détente

Relaxation of Cold War tensions.

New Federalism

Policy returning power from federal government to states.

Watergate

Political scandal leading to Nixon's resignation.

Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon's firing of officials during Watergate investigation.

Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court case protecting abortion rights.

Stagflation

Combination of inflation and unemployment.

Camp David Accords

Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel.

Moral Majority

Conservative Christian political organization.

Reaganomics

Economic policy based on tax cuts and deregulation.

SDI ('Star Wars')

Reagan's proposed missile defense system.