[10.28] Psychological Basis of Psychiatric Disorders V2.1.pdf

Piaget

Who created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities similar to Freud but emphasized thinking and knowledge acquisition?

Children

Piaget’s work was more focused on which specific population?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational Thought, Concrete Operations, and Formal Operations

What are the four major stages that lead to the capacity for adult thought according to Piaget?

Sensorimotor

Which stage is expected to develop among babies?

Preoperational Thought

In which stage do children consider everything a part of them, such as thinking it rained because they did something bad?

Concrete Operations

Which stage involves logical interpretations but can be stuck in black and white thinking?

Formal Operations

Which stage involves thinking about concepts and understanding multiple causes and solutions?

Round

In the apple and orange example, a person demonstrating concrete operations would say they are both what?

Fruits

In the apple and orange example, a person demonstrating formal operations would say they are both what?

Native endowment and environmental circumstances

The rate at which children move through Piaget’s stages varies based on what two factors?

12 years old

Ideally, at what age should the formal operations stage be reached?

Postformal thinking

What stage do some disciples of Piaget argue exists during extended adolescence, involving having a theory of life?

Sensorimotor

Which stage lasts from birth to age 2?

Sensory observation and motor functions

Infants in the sensorimotor stage learn through what two primary methods?

Object permanence

What is the critical achievement of the sensorimotor period?

Object permanence

What is the schema of the permanent object, involving the understanding that objects exist independent of the child?

8 to 12 months

At what age range does object permanence typically develop?

Preoperational

The attainment of object permanence marks the transition from sensorimotor to which stage?

Dogs

Which animal mentioned in the source does NOT exhibit object permanence?

Cats

Which animal mentioned in the source may exhibit object permanence?

Preoperational

Which stage lasts from 2 to 7 years old?

Symbols and language

Children in the preoperational stage use what more extensively than in the sensorimotor stage?

Logic

In the preoperational stage, events are not linked by what?

Egocentric

What term describes preoperational children seeing themselves as the center of the universe with a limited point of view?

Magical thinking

What is phenomenalistic causality, where events occurring together are thought to cause one another?

Noodles for long life

Name one cultural example of magical thinking mentioned in the source.

Animistic thinking

What is the tendency to endow physical objects with life-like psychological attributes like feelings?

Semiotic function

What function emerges during the preoperational period where children use signs or symbols to stand for something else?

Language, mental images, or symbolic gestures

Name three examples of signifiers used in semiotic function.

Concrete Operations

Which stage lasts from 7 to 11 years old?

Operational thought

In the concrete operations stage, egocentric thought is replaced by what?

Conservation and reversibility

What two laws can children apply during the concrete operations stage?

Syllogistic reasoning

What type of logical conclusion formed from two premises appears during the concrete operations stage?

All horses are warm-blooded

In the syllogism example, if all horses are mammals and all mammals are warm-blooded, what is the conclusion?

Conservation

What is the ability to recognize that objects maintain characteristics even if their shape changes?

Reversibility

What is the capacity to realize that one thing can turn into another and back again, such as ice and water?

Formal Operations

Which stage lasts from age 11 to the end of adolescence?

Hypothetico-deductive thinking

What specific type of thinking is characteristic of the formal operations stage?

Deductive reasoning

What is reasoning from the general to the particular?

Inductive reasoning

What is reasoning from the particular to the general?

Play therapy

Based on cognitive development, what type of intervention would child psychiatry employ?

Aaron Beck

Which theorist mentioned in the source discussed core beliefs contributing to emotional distortions?

John Bowlby

Who is the Father of Attachment Theory and an evolutionist?

Bonding with the mother

Bowlby noticed animals survive when they are able to do what?

Attachment

What is the emotional tone between children and their caregivers evidenced by seeking and clinging?

Monotropic

What term describes the infant’s tendency to attach to one primary person?

Father or surrogate

Besides the mother, whom else can an infant form attachments to?

Feelings of security

Attachment gives infants what primary feeling?

Amount of activity

In the interaction between mother and infant, what is more important than the amount of time spent together?

Bonding

What term concerns the mother’s feelings for her infant, as distinct from attachment?

Pre-Attachment

Which stage lasts from birth to 6 weeks?

No particular attachment

How is the baby’s attachment to a specific caregiver described in the pre-attachment phase?

Attachment in the Making

Which stage lasts from 8 to 12 weeks to 6 months?

One or more persons

In the Attachment in the Making phase, infants attach to how many people?

Clear-Cut Attachment

Which stage lasts from 6 to 24 months?

Crying and distress

What do infants show during separation from the caregiver in the clear-cut attachment phase?

3 months

In some infants, the clear-cut attachment phase can occur as early as how many months?

25 months and beyond

When does the fourth phase of attachment begin?

Secure attachment

What occurs when the child sees the mother as a separate and secure person, allowing them to separate to play and return?

3 years old

By what age is the structure of the adult brain already formed?

Mentalization

What is the ability to be attuned to the feelings of others and the outside world, present by 3 years old?

Strange Situation

What is the name of Mary Ainsworth’s study involving 8 episodes of separation and reunion?

Caregiver as a secure base

In Episode 2 of the Strange Situation, the child explores the environment using the caregiver as what?

Reaction to stranger

What is assessed in Episode 3 when a stranger enters and approaches the child?

1st Reunion Episode

In which episode does the parent comfort the child and then leave again?

Secure attachment

In which pattern do infants greet parents with positive emotion and use the caregiver as a base for exploration?

60 to 70 percent

What percentage of infants show a secure attachment pattern?

Anxious-resistant

In which pattern does the infant separate reluctantly and show ambivalence upon reunion?

Anxious-avoidant

In which pattern does the infant readily separate but avoid contact after a brief separation?

Disorganized-disoriented

Which pattern involves contradictory features or the infant appearing dazed and disoriented?

Main

Who added the disorganized-disoriented attachment style?

Anxiety

Bowlby’s theory holds that a child’s sense of distress during separation is the prototype for what?

Signal indicators

What are behaviors like crying that mobilize the mother to respond with care?

10 to 18 months

At what age range is separation anxiety most common?

3rd year

Separation anxiety generally disappears by the end of which year?

8 months

At what age does stranger anxiety typically appear?

Establish a secure base with the therapist

What is the goal of attachment-based psychotherapy?

Anxious-ambivalent

Adults with which attachment style tend to be obsessed with romantic partners and suffer from extreme jealousy?

Avoidant

Adults with which attachment style are uninvested in close relationships and withdraw during conflict?

Reward circuit

What do the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Nucleus Accumbens (NA) make up?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is released in the reward circuit?

Natural high

What is the activation of the reward system to confirm an experience is rewarding?

VTA to NA to PFC

What is the sequence of dopamine release in a natural high stimulus?

Cingulate gyrus and striatum

Besides the PFC, where else does dopamine go during a natural high?

Dorsal migration

What process occurs upon repetition of a pleasurable experience, making it embedded in the brain?

Learning

Dorsal migration of dopamine potentiates what?

Change in behavior

How is Learning Theory defined in terms of repeated practice?

Classical Conditioning

Which type of conditioning occurs when neutral stimuli are associated with a psychologically significant event?

Pavlov

Who is associated with Classical Conditioning?

Involuntary

Does Classical Conditioning associate a voluntary or involuntary response with a stimulus?

Conditioned to think of happy hour during sunsets

In Case 1, why did the patient drool when seeing sunsets?

Operant Conditioning

Which type of conditioning occurs when a behavior is associated with a psychologically significant event?

Skinner

Who is associated with Operant Conditioning?

Voluntary

Does Operant Conditioning associate a voluntary or involuntary behavior with a consequence?

Rewards and punishments

In Operant Conditioning, behavior is increased or decreased using what?

Avoidance

In Case 2, an ASMPH student’s palpitations and stuttering around a professor showed a response of what?

Antecedents

If acting out in a classroom is a respondent behavior, the clinician should change what?

Consequences

If acting out in a classroom is an operant behavior, the clinician should change what?

Law of Effect

What law states that an action is strengthened by positive outcomes and weakened by negative outcomes?

Avoidance Learning

What is the two-factor theory where Pavlovian fear motivates an operant action to reduce that fear?