Autocrine/Paracrine Signaling and CASE STUDY

autocrine signals

sender and receiver are the same cell type

paracrine signals

sender and reciever are different cell types/tissues

autocrine/paracrin function

control gene expression in target cells

paracrine regulatory molecules are called ____ or ____

cytokines or growth factors

cytokine function

regulate different cells of immune system

named for tissues/cells that produce them

interleukins and lymphokines

produced by lymphocytes; important in innate and adaptive immunity

neurotrophines (autocrines)

nerve growth factor produced by neurons and neuroglia

insulin-like growth factors (autocrines)

growth and cell division, many organs especially liver

platelet derived growth factor (autocrine)

cell division within blood vessels, platelets, macrophages, smooth muscle

type 2 diabetes is where

body does not produce enough insulin or cells ignore insulin that is produced

beta cells make ____ which ____ blood glucose

insulin, lower

people with type 2 diabetes make ____ but bodies _____

insulin, do not respond well

hypoglycemia

low blood glucose

insulin reaction

may be unavoidable at start when you don't know reactions to insulin

quickest way to raise blood glucose and treat ____ is to eat ______

hypoglycemia, forms of sugar (glucose tablets, fruit juice, candy)

if you pass out from hypoglycemia, need ____ treatment by means of

immediate, injection of glucagon or emergency treatment in hospital

of you pass out from hypoglycemia people should NOT

inject insulin, give foods or fluids, hands in mouth

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

not enough insulin or body cannot use insulin properly

failing to treat hyperglycemia could lead to ____

ketoacidosis

ketoacidosis

body does not have enough insulin

cannot use glucose for fuel, breaks down fat for energy

waste products known as ____ are generated as the body breaks down fat

ketones

body excretes ketones via

urine, but can build up in blood

buildup of ketones in the blood leads to

ketosis

blood glucose level for ketoacidosis

240 mg/dl

if ketones are present in urine do

not exercise, leads to higher blood glucose levels

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome HHNS

from unmanaged diabetes and illness/infection

in older persons and type 2 usually

blood sugar levels rise

blood sugar levels in HHNS

over 600 mg/dl

when to check for ketones in urine

blood glucose over 300 mg/dl (indicates ketoacidosis)

tight control of blood glucose

prevention or slower progession of complications of disease

lose weight, exercise

diabetes medications (5)

lower blood glucose levels, can be used in combination

sulfonylureas

stimulate beta cells to release insulin

1-2 times per day before meals

differ in side effects, how they're taken, interactions with other drugs

meglitinides

stimulate beta cells to release insulin

biguanides

lower blood glucose buy decreasing amount of glucose bade in the liver

muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbed

two times a day, maybe diarrhea

thiazolidinediones

insulin work better in muscle fat and reduce glucose production inn liver

alpha glucosidase inhibitors

block breakdown of starches (breads, potatoes, pastas)

slow breakdown of sugar

slows rise in blood glucose after meals