History - Tudors OCR

“The need to secure his throne dominated Henry VIIs foreign policy”

AIMS OF FP: Improving economic position; national security; avoiding war; securing dynasty

Para 1: Secure his throne

• international marriage: Arthur to Catherine of Aragon (alliance with spain -considered other aims) - securing throne since recognition as influential Eu country

• arthurs death: prince henry married to catherine - depseration for tudor line - also contributes to aim since he married the pair without permission of Ferdinand (threatened alliance/relations + eng national security)

• his proposals: 3, none taking place)dowager princess of wales, daughter of spanish queen;joanna of aragon, neice of spanish queen, SB CHRIMES stated Holy roman emperor maximilian offered daughter Maragret of Savoy), demonstrate desperation+priority even near end

Para 2: Avoiding war

• (note treaty of cambrai 1508 - loss of position by end of reign)

• JOHN GUY - Henry’s diplomacy and security measures ensured the dynasty would survive such as through Medina Del Campo (link back to prev)

• SB CHRIMES -bet 1493 and 1502 peace with Scotland secured H position +fp more successful(lesser threat from auld alliance). N. FELLOWS - never a serious challenge so need to war less significant than Henry’s position on the throne

Para 3:Imrpoving England’s economic position/Trade

• trade embargo 1493 - Henry banned ENglish lucrative cloth exports to Netherlands after MoB continued to shelter Warbeck - sacrifice income to protect against threat - position on throne more important. LASTED SHORT WHILE - H still incilned to build up economic stability

• 1496 - trade agreement with France (?) + Magnus Intercursus w Burgundy - trading advantages, economic growth imp for Henry FP.

• Malus intercurses 1506 after treaty of windsor - extremely favourable, negotiated after burgundy/spainish marriage had to stop at england. also earl of suffolk captured

“Yorkist Opposition most serious threat to Henry VII faced throughout his reign”

Para 1:Yorkist opposition

note: lack of Yorkist claimants to throne but impersonators started popping up

BG: HvII usurped throne from Yorkist Richard III - removal of Yorkists from their previously enjoyed favourable positions caused disdain. MoB sister of Edward IV and Richard III - strong Yorkist supporter - pretenders rampant as a result

• Lambert Simnel - pretender(Edward, Earl of Warwick): force of 4,000 mercenaries sent by Margaret of Burgundy; 8,000 men faced royal army at the Battle of Stoke (12k), decisive defeat, but easily could’ve switched around and seen HVII death - henry admitted so his fear shows Yorkist opposition huge threat. Heads - ie. John de la Pole killed(yorkist claimant - according to g.J Meyer). Simnel not executed - calculated mercy - lack of threat? JOHN GUY - menacing due to being within 2 years of Bosworth

• Warbeck - pretender: Lots of international support - Burg, Fr, Scot etc - extent particularly concerning, dominated fp. 8 years, cost Henry £13,000(eq of £6.4 mil). despite support, failed to get significant domestic backing - brief, unsuccessful attempts to claim throne. REAL Earl of Warwich killed week after Warbeck execution

• 1492 Treaty of Etaples - clause of not harbouring each others enemies - henry considered it prominent issue - instability of throne.

• Minimised by HVII marraige to Elizabeth of York, united houses, and De Facto Act 1495

• 1506- Anglo-burgundy - Edmund de la Pole (Yorkist heir), Earl of Suffolk delivered By Philip (kept in tower until 1513, executed by Henry VIII)

• MoB prominent threat - supports pretenders

Hwvr - Yorkists most prominent towards start of reign - may only be short term issue for usurper

OVERALL : biggest issue, dominated foreign + domestic policies. Underlying threat

ALT. CAN seperate Pretenders + Yorkists BUT if specifically DOMESTIC:

• 1486 Welsh uprsing led by Herberts and Vaughans (Y) - quickly suppressed by nobles

• Royal progress after Simnel rebellion to Yorkist North

Para 2:threat from abroad

• France - harboured Perkin Warbeck BUT treaty of Etaples = no more threat. BUT auld alliance = potnetial threat from both sides. also H invaded France in support of Brittany 1492 (due to Treaty of Redon - 6,000 troops sent)

• MoB in Burgundy - yorkit opposition exacrabted by threat from abroad

• Scotland - James Iv came of age+wanted to assert himself through fighting traditional enemy, supported Warbeck (threatened throne, claimed he was Richard [prince in tower] Duke of York) in attempted invasion 1497(also gave Warbeck a wife in 1496). BUT soon after, Truce of Ayton 97, extended 99 into first full peace treaty bet Scot and Eng since 1328 called the Peace fo Ayton. SB CHRIMES -bet 1493 and 1502 peace with Scotland secured H position +fp more successful(lesser threat from auld alliance). N. FELLOWS - never a serious challenge

Para 3: Economy

BG: usurped, lacking royal funs, determined to increase crown revenue

• revenue inc to £113,000 py by end of reign - subjects displeased with way of acquiring revenue

• Yorkshire Rebellion 1489: result of Henry attempts to raise money to aid Brittany in its truggle against France. Little raised, Yorkshire in particular suffered bad harvest 88 (other northern counties exempy, expected to defend against scottish - resentment). Earl of Northumberland attempted to collect tax, was murdered - rising easily crushed but no money made//authority in north WEAK//CAN BE TAKEN FROM YORKIST POV as Rebellion led by Yorkist supporter

• Cornish rebellion 1497: Anti taxes(for purpose of fighting Warbeck in the North, Cornish regional difference). 15,000 supporters, numbers decline after reaching London. Royal army of 25,000 easily crushed BUT suggests limited control over region. Attracted only 1 noble. NEVER a serious threat- detterance later as Warbeck struggle to gain support in Cornwall. //MOST important - John GUY

• nobility - partook in rebellions ie. John de la POle and Stanley/ resentment through acts of attainder, bonds and recognisances etc

Never aimed to remove henry as king, threatendt stability but not prominent

CONTROL (nobles)

Nobility: overmighty subjects

• Bonds and Recognisances - noble paid for offence, highly effective, sum reasched £10,000 py. 36 out of 62

• Acts of attainder - parliament called 7 times throughout reign, often to pass these. 9 passed, 5 reversed (4 w/conditions)

• Retaining- 1504 proclamation that license needed. Lord Burgarernery cost over £70,000 for retaining 1506. Abssnence of records of illegal retaining, but clearly unable to abolish

• Limited number of nobles (3, compared to 9 under EIV)

• Order of the garter - 37 knights. Granted great honour, but no power/land

• No land given away to nobles unless land that was taken by attainder from other nobles.

Hwvr, some resentment over prioritisation of New Men

To what extent did Henry VIII achieve his aims in foregin policy from 1509-1529?

AIMS: Succession, Reinassance King/Warrior through battle success, Establish England as dominant power

Control (finances) HVI

Ordinary revenue:

• Crown lands - first year oly 11,700 compared to R3 who had 29k. expanded crown estate through acts of attainder(ie. STANLEY for his participation with Warbeck brought 10k) and resumption of lands act 1486(all lands granted away since 55, but did not take back all estates). DID not give away any land as a reward HWR did not fully exploit crown lands. //ANNAUL Incomes from crown lands rose from 29k to 42k. DUCHY of lancaster raked in 1509 nearly 7k Regiald Bray

• Custom duties - taxes on imported/exported goods ie wool and cloth. 1485 parliament franted tonnage and poundage(customs revenue).Also negotaited magnus intercursus 1496 to boost trade + tightened collection HWR didnt lead to that much of a sgnificant revenue increase from 33k to 40k +smuggling UP

• feudal dues - wardship, marraige, relief and livery

Extraordinary revenue:

• Bonds and recognisances - nearly 2/3 of nobility tied to crown. Enforced by Empson adn Dudley through Counci Learned in Law//unpopular, resentment

• Loans and Benevolances

• Treaty of Etaples granted 159k French pension

Government orgnaisation:

• Wardship

• Court of Fifteenths an Tenths

HENRY VII AIMS

Domestic:

• secure tudor dynasty

• national security/defences

• yorkist claimants/pretenders

• control nobility

• strengthen central/local gov

• increase income

• secure support (rebellions)

FP:

• avoid war

• recognition

• alliances/treaties

• trade relations

• marriage alliances

Central/Local gov HVI

Council Learned in Law:

JPS:

• local prestige/sense of duty

Somerset personal style of government main reason for coup in 1549

#’

Mary’s gov weak and divided?

Rebellions in Edwards reign

Enclosures:

Religion:

• Western Rosing/ Prayer Book rebellion -

Opposition in Mary I Reign

Civil:

• Wyatt rebellion 1554

Northumberland threatened stability of monarchy?