Dar al-Islam

Abbasid Dynasty

Gained control of the Middle East after the Umayyad rebellion led by Abu al-Abbas, resulting in the annihilation of the Umayyad dynasty.

Umayyad Dynasty

Predecessor to the Abbasid Dynasty, known for its Arab military favoritism and expansionist policies.

City growth in early Islamic World

The Abbasid Dynasty was more cosmopolitan than the Umayyad Dynasty, embracing diverse cultures and peoples.

Decline of Abbasid Dynasty

Began after Harun Al Rashid's reign due to civil war, succession disputes, and uprisings, leading to loss of authority.

How the Abbasid Dynasty fall

The Abbasid Dynasty fell in 1258 when the Mongols extinguished their power.

Agricultural Innovation

Introduction of new crops from regions like India and Southeast Asia allowed for extended growing seasons and increased food supply.

Urban Growth

The increased food supply contributed to the growth of cities with flourishing markets and new industries, such as paper manufacturing.

Women's Rights in Pre-Islamic Arabia

Women could inherit property, divorce, and engage in business before Muhammad's time.

Quran's Impact on Women

The Quran enhanced some rights for women but reinforced male dominance and control over women's lives.

Veiling of Women

The practice of veiling women was adopted from Byzantine and Sasanid cultures as Islam expanded.

Formation of Islamic Cultural Tradition

Islamic traditions were influenced by Persian, Indian, and Greek cultures, as well as translated works.

Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief emphasizing closeness to God through love and surrender, differing from mainstream Islamic views on the afterlife.

Influence of Translators and Travelers

Muslim scholars gained knowledge from foreign scholars and translated works, creating comprehensive geographic maps.

Persian Influence

Persian culture significantly impacted Islamic political and cultural leaders, evident in literature and governance.

Indian Influence

Adoption of Hindi numerals (Arabic numerals) advanced mathematics and medicine in the Islamic world.

Greek Influence

Greek philosophical, scientific, and medical writings influenced Muslim thought, aiming to harmonize with Islamic teachings.

Turkish Conquest of Persia

Turkish peoples, like the Seljuq Turks, gained power by serving in Abbasid armies and eventually overshadowed Abbasid leadership.

Turkish Conquest of Anatolia

Large-scale immigration and military victories, such as the Battle of Manzikert, allowed Turks to establish control over Anatolia.

Turkish Raids in India

Mahmud of Ghazni led raids into northern India, establishing Turkish authority over regions like Punjab and Gujarat by the 13th century.

Sultan of Delhi

By the 13th century, the Turkish sultan claimed authority over all of northern India and aimed to conquer southern India.

House of Wisdom

Renowned center of learning where scholars in the Abbasid empire studied.

This preserved the knowledge acquired by the abbasids over the century.

Hijab

A head scarf worn in public by some Muslim women; can also be used to describe the Islamic dress code for Muslim women, which requires them to dress modestly in public

Swahili

A Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries.

This language unites people.

Battle of Tours

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.

"People of the book"(Dhimmi)

Jews and Christians have traditionally been considered this and afforded a special status known as dhimmi derived from a theoretical contract. -> sometimes includes muslims and monotheists as a whole

Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on TOLERANCE:

Muhammad told his followers to learn about other countries even into china. It led Islam to be very tolerant of other peoples religions and they learned many things from different peoples cultures.

Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on EDUCATION:

Essentially "Follow education & knowledge to China"

- taught by Muhammad to accept new cultures and follow knowledge from everyone

- this made the community expand on different innovations (preserve and create!!)

- helped with transfer and development of knowledge back and forth from europe to asia

what are some examples of islamic (educational) innovations?

algebra, trig., greek literature, advancement of paper, philosophy, astronomy (conservatory and charts), law, logic, spirtual texts, etc.

Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on Economics:

In Islamic society, merchants were viewed as prestigious unlike most societies at the time. This was because Muhammad was a merchant and his first wife was too. Because of this, merchants could become very wealthy in the Islamic world.

Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on SLAVERY:

Islam defines enslaving muslims and other monotheists as illegal/not allowed. Enslaving others though was allowed, so slaves often converted to islam to be freed. Also, exempt from slavery were Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Islam did allow slaves though, so most of their slaves came from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia (due to converting most of existing land claim already).

Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on WOMEN:

Muhammad raised the status of women in Islam by treating his wives with love and devotion. He also insisted dowries be paid to the future wife than the father and he also forbade the killing of newborn girls.

They could:

- own property

- marriage and divorce rights

Muslim women eventually lost rights with ....

the development of cities and towns like in other cultures

define Mamluks

Arabs purchased Mamluks from slaves because they came from Africa. Mamluks had more opportunities than slaves in Islam. This resulted in the Mamluks eventually seizing control of some of the Abbasid Empire. They prospered by trading cotton and sugar between Europe and the Islamic world.

define Seljuk Turks

They were Muslim like the Abbasid Empire, and eventually overthrew the empire. They began to conquer the Middle East to almost as far as Western China. The Seljuk leader called him Sultan thereby reducing the role of the caliph in the Abbasid Empire to chief sunni authority in comparison to a Shia figure.

Crusaders

The Abbasids allowed the Christians to travel to their holy sites. However, the Seljuk Turks limited travel which led to Christians organizing the group of Crusaders to reopen access. They eventually decided to keep their land instead.

Mongols

They were one of the most famous conquerors in history. They came from Asia and ended the Seljuk rule (& remaining Abbasid rule). They continued to conquer westward, but the Mamluks stopped them.

Explain what/how economic challenges also led to the decline of the Abbasid Empire.

The Abbasids were big on trade and it was also their main source of income. However, it was highly competitive. Baghdad used to be the center of trade, but slowly the center of trade moved more to the north, which led to the Abbasids not being able to keep up with the new trade. With this, Baghdad also lost their wealth and population which led to their decline.

As new Islamic political entities emerged, they demonstrated several cultural continuities. Summarize them.

-They translated Greek literary classics into Arabic

- They studied mathematical texts from India

- They adopted paper-making techniques from China

Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

Islam unified diverse peoples under one culture and state, which ended tribal/clan wars.

Promoted trade and spread knowledge

Islamic society featured tolerance for Christians and Jews, raised status to women, and allowed slaves to be freed when they converted to Islam

Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam

1. Muslim states encouraged significant intellectual innovations in: Math(Algebra), literature and medicine.

2. From the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, the Abbasids: PreservedGreek philosophy and transferred much knowledge toSpain/Europe.

Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states overtime.

Cause: Abbasid state fragmented

Effect: New states emerged usually ruled by Turkic peoples. Seljuk Turks for example, who started as slave soldiers but eventually took the power as Sultans in the 11th century in the Abbasid Dynasty.

Sufis

They adapted to local cultures and traditions. By adapting these, they interwove Islam religious elements into them and they won many converters by this process. - mystical and adaptive

Merchants

They spread their religion through the Silk roads and were sent out to be missionaries. - also had high status (influential) and grew wealthy

Military

As they were forbidden to own land they conquered, the locals were basically unchanged. This differed from other empires militaries that changed the already existing community dynamic. As such, the local people were less guarded to converting (actually open) and also paid tribute.

How were slaves and women treated under Islam?

Muslims could no enslave other Muslims in the Islam Religion. As a result of this, most slaves came from Africa. Slave women were also allowed a lot of independence, even more than most wives of men in the Islam culture. They could go to the market and run errands. Women had a higher status in Islam compared to other cultures This is because when Muhammad was alive, he greatly respected women, Islamic women could remarry, inherit property, could receive cash settlements if divorced, and they could get abortions.

What was the impact of Islam in: Africa

Most of them converted to Islam because most slaves came from Africa since Muslims could no enslave other Muslims in the Islam Religion.

Spain

Umayyads had their capital in Spain where muslims, jews, and christians coexisted peacefully. Encouraged trade from chinas and SE Asia which helped getting products and knowledge to rest of Europe.

What marked the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe?

The battle of tours

Looking back at intellectual innovations and cultural transfers, explain the significance of education and tolerance within the Islamic empire.

Following Muhammad's words to follow knowledge, the empire heavily relied on education to help in their economy & philosophies. They prospered due to their work in math, science (medicine), greek literature analysis, and overall tolerance to accept new ideas (curiousity and discovery). This can also be seen with their religion tolerance that can't be seen in China who were more harsh on other non-confucius beliefs. This tolerance of religion helped with their education development and expansion of empire as scholars influenced each pther. Muslims taught asian innovations / beliefs to Europe as well.