Cell Respiration and Circulation

Does secretion of renin cause widespread vasoconstriction?

No, its recreted by kidney to promote vasoconstiction and increase blood pressure, but not the cause

Does angiotensin 2 lead to widespread vasoconstriction?

Yes

image of blood flow in heart

right ventricle has (thinner or thicker) wall than left ventricle.

Thinner, b/c right only pumps to lungs

compared with blood in the pulmonary veins, blood in the pulmonary arteries has higher concentrations of….

1. O2

2. H+

3. Co2

H+ and Co2 (deoxygenated blood)

Oxygenated blood distribruted by system circuit concentration of stuff

high O2, low CO2, Low H+

Inspiration

inspiratory muscle contract (diaphragm moves downard), increase volume of thoraic avity. Larger space leads to increased intrapulmonary volume and decreased pressure and elevate rib cage to further expand lung.

Expiration

inspiratory msucle relax (diagphram moves upward), decerase volume of thoraic cavity, lungs recoil into smaller space decreasing intrapulmonary volume and icnrease pressure.

What would tend to increase blood pH in an obese individual at rest?

A. increase blood Co2

B. decrease breathing rate

C. Increase in volume of fresh air reading alveoli

D. A decline in oxygen uptake by red blood cells

Answer: C, b/c increase in volume of air at alveoli and exchanging with blood will allow the blood Co2 to enter alveoli and be exhaled.

Image of Bicarbonate buffer system

Slowing breathing rate increases what

Co2 level, driving forward bicarbonate equilibrium forward, decreasing pH

Decline in oxygen uptake from breath increases what

Co2 levels, driving bicarbonate quilibrium forward, decreasing pH

Cardiac output

volume of blood pumped by heart per unit time

think of V= IR——> P= QR ——→ Q=P/R

A. Replace of mutant gene with a function copy in red blood cells

B. Treatment with a drug that increase red blood cell production

C. Introduction and activation ofa functional hemoglobin gene in bone marrow stem cells

D. Blood transfusion for WT hemoglobin gene

Answer: C. B/c the bone marrow can make health RBCs

A is wrong because mutation can’t be replaced due to lack of nuclei and DNA

D is wrong because it will eventually get destroyed and require multiple transfusions

What do Red blood cells lack?

nuclei and DNA

Regulation of respiratory rate is normally most sensitive to

PCO2 in blood

Chemoreceptor in brain and periphery indrectly repsond to the __________ in the blood and brain by directling sensing change in _______

PCO2

H+ (directly)

asthma attack (results in bronchoconstriction— bronchiole narrow) woudl have what effect on blood pH and expected homeostatic response?

Acidosis (pH decrease) as CO2 build up due to less breathing

To remove CO2, increase respiratory rate (hyperventilation) which would shift bicarbonate system to left (decreasing H+) increasing pH.

Lymphatic system

vitla network of vessels, tissues, and organts that act as the boyd’s drainage and defense system. It absorbs excess fluid from tissues, filters out bacteria and waste. It also collects large lipid droplets from small intestines

Order of lipid droplet flow in lymphatic system

Cascade of events after damage to the endothelium cells of blood vessels

1. Formation of platelet (from bone marrow) readily bind collagen fibers, aggreagring to form platelet plug that prevents vlood flow out of vessel

2. Clotting factors (syntehsized in liver) proteins become actviated to due platelet aggregation and signaling factors outsid ethe vessel. Forms enzyme htrombin——> protein strands (ex. fibrin) to form an adhesive mesh-like structure over the paltelet plug, reinforcing the clot.

Answer: B

A. lympth

B. liquid portion of blood

C. All celluylar elements of blood

D.Nucleus of lvier cell

Passage A

nephrons

functional unit of the kidney that filters waste out of the blood while reabsorbing useful solutes back into the blood.

Passage A

decreased due to;

A. increase Na+ reabsorption in the nephron

or

B. decreased hydrosstatic pressure within the glomerulus

or increased due to

C. increased urinary output form kidney

D. increased hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus

Answer: B

Passage A

apoTf to the extraccelular space and TfR to the cell membrane

Spleen (function too)

largest lymphoid organ

Filters aged/damage RBCs

Reservoir for blood—when theres a sudden drop

Immune response (b cell activation site, housing macrophages)

Passage A

A. gel 1 = nonreducing SDS PAGE gel

B. ApoTf has a smaller molecular weight than TfR

C. ApoTf and TfR were assigned a net negative charge

D. TfR is a monomeric protein lacking disulfide bridges

Answer D

decreased due to reduced ventricular filling prior to contraction

or decreased due to increased stroke volume?

decreased due to reduced ventricular filling prior to contraction

Passage B

Answer C