PSYC 2070. EXAM 3 LSU HOPE DAWAN

According to professional classifications, an intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and __________.

adaptive behavior

Laurie is a 52-year-old administrative assistant working in the same law firm as 25-year-old Nina. Both are excellent at their jobs, even though Laurie is older and has some slowing in her reaction time. What allows Laurie to perform her job as well as Nina?

Laurie has developed selective optimization, whereby she can look further into the material to compensate for her slower reactions

__________ is the ability to identify a stimulus previously experienced through only one sense by using another sense.

Cross-modal transference

A mathematics test that uses questions from the realms of banking, international finance, and the stock market is likely to favor members of which group, compared to the others?

students from affluent family backgrounds

Reggie wants to develop a brief measure of intelligence, and he knows that people who collect vinyl LP record albums are generally smart, so he devises a set of five questions that ask about recording techniques, mastering labs, years of release, and so on. Which attribute does Reggie's intelligence test LACK?

reliability, validity, and cultural fairness

Which kind of test predicts a person's level of success or ability in a particular area?

aptitude test

Which situation is extraordinarily unlikely?

A valid test is unreliable

Based on the majority of empirical evidence, what conclusion should be reached regarding the contributions of genetics and environmental influences to the development of intelligence?

Intelligence is the product of some complex combination of genetics and environment

Robert Sternberg proposed a __________ that divides intellectual functioning into different types of information processing.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sara has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25; as such, Sara would be classified as having a(n) __________ disability.

profound intellectual

Compared to the others, which intelligence test was specifically designed to be culture-fair in its application?

Raven Progressive Matrices Test

When Morty devotes attention and practice to completing his tax returns, and has gained decades of experience in that area, he is demonstrating __________.

expertise

An assessment of a student's likelihood of academic success in college, such as the SAT or ACT, is an example of a(n) __________ test, though there is also some question as to whether it also tests students' prior academic achievement.

aptitude

__________ adopted a pragmatic, trial-and-error approach to psychological measurement in the early 1900s that continues to serve as the predominant approach to test construction in modern times.

Alfred Binet

People with IQ scores in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 are classified as having __________ intellectual disability.

mild

_________ is the term used to describe an approach to education through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic.

Enrichment

Which intelligence test measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and to demonstrate step-by-step thinking?

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)

An assessment of a student's knowledge of the Spanish language is an example of a(n) __________ test.

achievement

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, it would be classified as __________.

mild intellectual disability

Longitudinal research investigating giftedness found that gifted people tended to be __________ than their non-gifted peers.

healthier

The knowledge and beliefs a person holds about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior are known as __________.

theory of mind

Which factor is essential in determining happiness in late adulthood, according to continuity theory?

physical flexibility

Mimiko is 68 years old and has been retired for two years. She is discussing with her daughter plans to pursue different activities with each of her grandchildren now that she is no longer working. According to Robert Peck, Mimiko is in what developmental stage?

redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role

Approximately __________ percent of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent attachment classification.

10 to 15

_________ theory proposes that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age.

Activity

According to Erik Erikson, the ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of psychosocial development is characterized by ___________.

looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it

Being able to adjust one's emotions to achieve a desired state is a hallmark of _________.

emotional self-regulation

By the age of __________ months, an infant typically has first begun to understand the emotions that lie behind the facial and vocal expressions of others.

4

One-month-old Theodore is upset, and his facial expression shows that he is in distress. This is an example of __________.

nonverbal expression of emotion

When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment in which the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, it is called the __________.

secure attachment pattern

Mothers of 1-month-old infants have reported that __________.

they felt their child had shown expressions of interest and joy

If a child is exposed to the Strange Situation, then that child __________.

will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation

According to Erik Erikson, the developmental focus during young adulthood is __________.

developing close, intimate relationships with others

Which theory of aging proposes that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem?

continuity theory

When a child feels pleasure when they are with a particular, special individual, and feels comforted by their presence in times of distress, it is said that the child has __________.

formed an attachment

The rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has __________ over the past 30 years.

tripled

When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant, and the caregiver and the child's emotional states match, it is called __________.

interactional synchrony

A child who does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she leaves the room, does not look distressed, is exhibiting __________.

avoidant attachment

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the "Strange Situation"?

the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies

At approximately ________ months of age, a baby begins to demonstrate social referencing.

8 to 9

From the standpoint of intersectionality, which adolescent is statistically likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

Cindy, an Asian American female

When Doyle was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a police officer. But just a year later, Doyle told everybody that he wanted to be an astronaut. A few years passed, and when he was around 11 years old, he wanted to be a professional jai alai player. According to Eli Ginzberg, Doyle is in the __________ period of career choice.

fantasy

Critics who argue that immigrants lack the knowledge and skills to contribute to the U.S. economy fail to see some fundamental aspects of immigrant success, including which fact?

Only a few immigrants come to the United States to get on welfare.

Ernie looks to his peer group as a source of information to evaluate the appropriateness of his own opinions, abilities, behavior, and expertise. Ernie is engaged in __________.

social comparison

According to psychiatrist George Vaillant, young adults reach a stage called __________, in which they focus on their professional achievements.

career consolidation

Corrado, age 19, is a college student whose career plans, relationship status, and even living arrangements seem to change every six months. Which aspect of emerging adulthood is Corrado demonstrating?

uncertainty

Psychiatrist George Vaillant proposed that between the ages of 20 and 40, young adults become centered on their careers, entering a developmental stage called __________.

career consolidation

People living in Western middle- to upper-classes had social clocks that were fairly uniform until the __________.

middle of the twentieth century

Which term describes the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people?

race dissonance

Psychologist James Marcia proposed that adolescent identity can be seen in terms of two characteristics, which are __________.

crisis or commitment

Two-year-old Duane and his older brother, Duncan, are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duncan accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying, so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother. Duane's actions indicate he has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate __________.

empathy

People who work for tangible rewards, such as money or prestige, are said to have __________ motivation; those who work for their own enjoyment are said to have __________ motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Whitney, age 11, characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to others. Whitney's views of herself are based on __________.

abstract psychological characteristics

What is the likely reason adolescents rely on their peers rather than their parents for social comparison?

Adolescents' desire for autonomy makes parents seem to be inadequate and invalid sources for information.

Beginning at around age 11 and continuing through adolescence, Black children __________.

show slightly higher self-esteem compared to White children

Which term relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?

self-esteem

Which model suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?

pluralistic society model

What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents?

peer groups

Which term describes a philosophy that promotes interdependence?

collectivistic orientation

According to John Holland's personality type theory, people who are risk-takers and have good leadership skills are described as __________.

enterprising

Which outcome is an important legacy left by Alfred Binet's work on intelligence testing?

a focus on linking intelligence with academic success

In the __________, an orally administered test, young children may be asked questions about their everyday activities or asked to copy complex figures.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5)

Which of the following is an advantage of group-administered tests, when compared to individually administered tests?

They are more efficient and less expensive to administer.

Reggie wants to develop a brief measure of intelligence, and he knows that people who collect vinyl LP record albums are generally smart, so he devises a set of five questions that ask about recording techniques, mastering labs, years of release, and so on. Which attribute does Reggie's intelligence test LACK?

reliability, validity, and cultural fairness

When it comes to intelligence, some people say there is no substitute for experience. Which concept reflects this perspective?

crystallized intelligence

One advantage of measures of information processing in infants, such as speed of processing and visual recognition memory, compared to developmental measures, is that information processing assessments __________.

are better predictors of future IQ test performance

An assessment of a student's knowledge of the Spanish language is an example of a(n) __________ test.

achievement

A language arts test that uses examples of bus and subway schedules to measure reading comprehension is likely to favor members of which group, compared to the others?

students from urban communities

K. Warner Schaie's investigations of intelligence in older people found that, in general, as people age __________.

crystallized intelligence remains steady

One problem with using cross-sectional studies to investigate intelligence across different ages is that results may be skewed by __________.

cohort effects

According to the principles of __________, exceptional children are taught in a regular classroom except in cases where their exceptionality would affect their learning.

mainstreaming

The most common biological causes of intellectual disability are __________.

Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome

Sara has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, signifying that she has __________ intellectual disability.

profound

Edweena's gifted and talented program permits her to move through the curriculum at her own pace and even to skip a grade if she shows the ability to do so. Her program uses the __________ approach.

acceleration

__________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

attachment

The attachment style in which infants appear indifferent to their caregiver's behavior is known as __________.

avoidant

__________ is one example of 14-month-old infants' social interactions with peers.

imitation

Research investigating emotional expressions conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicates that most mothers thought __________.

their child had expressed interest and joy

By the age of 4 months, infants use __________ to interpret others' facial expressions.

nonverbal decoding

As children grow and the brain matures, they develop __________, as they become more insightful about the motives and reasons behind people's behavior.

theory of mind

Although both adolescents and adults viewing pictures of faces displaying different emotions showed activation of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, compared with adults, adolescents showed ________ activity than adults in __________ .

more; other areas of the brain

Girls' generally higher levels of depression in adolescence may reflect gender differences in coping with __________.

stress

Rosalita, 70, enjoys swimming laps at the city pool, traveling to new foreign countries, and having lunch with friends each week. Rosalita's lifestyle is an example of __________ theory.

activity

__________ refers to how children behave rather than

what they do or why they do it.

Temperament

Erik Erikson's notions of psychosocial development suggest that developmental change occurs throughout life in __________ distinct stages, starting in infancy.

eight

During Erik Erikson's __________ stage, preschoolers face conflicts between their desire to act independently of their caregivers and the guilt that comes from the unintended consequences of their actions.

initiative-versus-guilt

According to Robert Peck, which activity is one of the developmental tasks of late adulthood?

redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role

Saul enjoys socializing with others and is a great host. He always makes sure his houseguests are comfortable and have what they need, and he greets both lifelong friends and new acquaintances with the same warmth and enthusiasm. Saul is likely to score __________ on measures of the Big Five personality dimensions.

high on extraversion and high on agreeableness

Ruthie is compassionate, trusting, and helpful to others. Her friends seek her out for advice, knowing she'll provide a sympathetic ear and a caring perspective. On which of the Big Five personality dimensions is Ruthie most likely to score at the high end?

agreeableness

An infant who fusses and kicks when a parent enters the room to signal being hungry is demonstrating an understanding that parents are __________, self-directed beings who can respond to requests.

complaint agents

Compared to the others, which aspect of a child's self-concept develops first?

gender identity

Cross-cultural studies of infants document that the timing of the development of self-recognition is strongly influenced by __________.

the cultural enviornment

The ability to distinguish the views of others from their own views in defining their identities typically begins to develop during __________.

adolescence

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage of development.

identity-versus-identity-confusion

Minority group members who draw on their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture are examples of the __________ model.

bicultural identity

During middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more __________.

differentiated

During adolescence, self-concept becomes increasingly accurate. What effect does this have on adolescents' self-esteem?

It leads to a clearer self-assessment, which may be positive or negative.

Sixth-grader Broderick, a low-achieving student, compares his school grades with those of less-able students in his class, whereas Enzo, a high achiever, compares his grades with those of his academic peers. Broderick has higher academic self-esteem than Enzo. Broderick's strategy in this regard is known as __________.

downward social comparison

Which statement about immigrants in the United States is true?

Given time, immigrants contribute more to the economy than they take away.

Compared with younger workers, middle-aged workers are more interested in __________.

the here-and-now qualities of the work situation