Tech, Crime, and Society Quiz 1

Functions of a computer

Input, processing, storage, and output.

Output devices

Devices that show results from a computer (monitor, printer, speakers).

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

AI with human-level intelligence across many tasks (does not yet exist).

Super AI

AI that surpasses human intelligence in all areas (theoretical).

Reactive AI

Responds only to current input; has no memory.

Limited memory AI (Generative AI)

Uses past data and patterns to make decisions or generate content.

Theory of mind AI

AI that understands emotions and intentions (not yet achieved).

Self-aware AI

AI that has consciousness and self-awareness (does not exist).

Machine learning

AI that learns from data instead of being explicitly programmed.

Types of machine learning

Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning.

Deep learning

A type of machine learning using neural networks with many layers.

Foundational models

Large AI models trained on massive datasets that can perform many tasks.

How AI is trained

AI is trained by feeding it large amounts of data so it can learn patterns and improve accuracy.

4th Amendment

Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government.

Exceptions to the 4th Amendment

Situations where police don't need a warrant (consent, exigent circumstances, plain view).

Due Process

Fair treatment through the legal system.

Probable Cause

Reasonable belief that a crime has occurred.

Beliefs

What officers reasonably think based on facts.

Burdens

The responsibility to prove something in court.

Reasonable Person

A standard based on what an average person would believe.

Elements of a search warrant

Probable cause, specific location, and items to be searched or seized.

How a warrant is issued

Approved by a judge after reviewing probable cause.

Warrantless searches

Searches allowed without a warrant due to exceptions -- permission granted or probable cause

Katz v. U.S.

Established the idea of a reasonable expectation of privacy.

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy

Privacy society considers normal and reasonable.

U.S. v. Carey

Limits how police can search digital files beyond the warrant's scope.

California v. Greenwood

Trash left outside has no reasonable expectation of privacy.

Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)

Protects electronic communications from unauthorized access.

Wiretapping

Listening to private communications without consent or legal approval.

Routine Activities Theory

Crime happens when a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of guardianship meet.

Deterrence Theory

Crime can be prevented through fear of punishment.

Moral Development Theory

People commit crimes based on their level of moral reasoning.

Strain Theory (Merton)

Crime occurs when people cannot achieve goals through legal means.

Strain Theory (Agnew)

Crime results from stress, negative emotions, and pressure.

Reckless Containment Theory

Crime happens when internal and external controls fail.

Personality Disorders

Long-term patterns of behavior that cause problems in life and relationships.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A disorder marked by lack of empathy, rule-breaking, and disregard for others.

Computer

An electronic device that takes input, processes it, stores data, and produces output.

Internet

A global network of computers that communicate and share information.

Input devices

Devices that send data to a computer (keyboard, mouse, microphone).

Computer processing / motherboard

Processing is when the computer's CPU works on data; the motherboard connects all computer parts.

Internet protocols

Rules that allow computers to communicate online (example: TCP/IP).

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Technology that allows machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.

Artificial Narrow AI (ANI)

AI designed for one specific task (e.g., Siri, facial recognition).

Subculture Theory

Crime is learned through values of specific groups.

Social Control Theory

Strong social bonds prevent criminal behavior.

Social Control / Social Bonding Theory (Hirschi)

People avoid crime because of bonds to family, school, and society.

Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi)

Low self-control leads to criminal behavior.

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