Psych Final (why am i even in this class?????)

What level of analysis does learning and behaviorism fall under?

cognitive

what are the three topics which make up learning and behaviourism?

classical and operant conditioning, habituation, and observation learning

What are different examples of thought in psychology?

Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology

What is learning defined as?

a relatively permanent change in behavior or beliefs based on experience

What does learning involve?

forming mental bonds between events, actions, and outcomes

what did the empiricist philosophers argue?

Learning involves the forming of simple associations. More complex learning simply means many associations layered on eachother. ALso, all learning is dependent on the same mechanisms, and so they should be governed by the same principles

What do modern learning theorists argue?

most learning can be understood in terms of a small number of principles that apply to all organisms in all situations. This is in agreement with the ideas of the philosephers that there are associations formed

What is an example of classical conditioning?

Salivating at the smell of food

What is an example of operant conditioning?

working overtime for a bonus

What do classical conditioning situations usually cause in humans?

Heart rate or blood pressure change when hearing a loud noise, feeling hungry at mealtimes, emotional responses to phobias and other feelings, emotional responses to songs, smell and social situations, and arousal by non-sexual objects

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

the founder of classical conditioning (pavlovs dog)

What must classical conditioning include?

A stimulus and a response

What do animals learn about in classical conditioning?

the association between two stimuli

How was Classical conditioning discovered?

Pavlov was studying digestion in dogs, and realized that:

A) dogs salivate at the sight of food

B) dogs salivate at the sight of the person bringing food

C) dogs salivate at the footsteps of the person bringing food

All of this is learned through the dog’s association with the person and food (Dwight in the office)

What is a UCS?

Unconditioned stimuli. something that triggers a response without prior learning/training. It is biologically determined

What is an unconditioned response?

A response elicited by an uncoditional stimuli without prior training or learning. It is biologically determined

What is a conditioned stimuli?

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to its association with the unconditioned stimuli. (sound of shoes of the person bringing the food)

What is a conditioned response?

A response caused by the initially neutral stimuli due to its association with the unconditioned stimuli.

What is classical Condtioning?

A form of learning where one stimuli is paired with another to form a relationship between the two in the mind of the organism

What does the neutral stimulus become after training?

the conditioned stimulus

What are the three major phenomena of classical conditioning?

Acquisition, Extinction, and Generalization

What is the phenomena of Acquisition?

learning is gradual, but the conditioned responses strength grows with experience

What is the phenomena of stimulus generalization?

things relatively close to the stimulus can often generate similar responses. examples are PTSD, Children being afraid of doctors, and the Little albert experiment

What is second order conditioning?

neutral stimuli is paired with a previously learned conditioned stimuli and the learning is then shared to where the new stimulus elicits the conditioned response

What is extinction in terms of classical conditioning?

the realization that the once informative stimulus is no longer informative, but the memory of the previous relationship still exists

what is spontaneous recovery?

when the stimulus is reintroduced after extinction and the learning is quickly picked up again

How does therapy use classical conditioning to get rid of phobias?

It tries to form new conditioned responses to the conditioned stimulus

What type of therapy is used to treat anxiety disorder?

exposure therapy or systematic desensitization

What learning procedure is systematic desensitization modeled after?

extinction procedure

Define In-vivo desensitization

Real-life exposure to the phobic stimulus (as opposed to just imagining it)

What are the two main goals of Behavior Modification (Treatment)?

to break the connection between the CS and the CR using extinction, and to then associate a new CR with the prior CS

What is it called when a patient returns to a pre-therapy state of phobia outside the lab?

Spontaneous recovery

True or False: Post-therapy relapse is considered a failure of therapy

False. It is an outside-lab human example of spontaneous recovery and indicates a need for more therapy.

What is the purpose of systematic desensitization in professional use cases?

to break the association between the stimulus and fear, creating newly conditioned calm responses in its place

What is the purpose of exposure therapy in professional use cases?

extinction of learned fear responses

What is the purpose of aversion therapy in professional use cases?

it Builds a negative conditioned response to substance use

What is the purpose of taste aversion research in professional use cases?

it demonstrates biological preparedness for certain associations

What is the purpose of conditioned emotional responses in professional use cases?

it is used to investigate the amygdala function and emotional regulation

What is the purpose of advertising and marketing in professional use cases?

it creates emotional conditioning for consumer preference

What is the purpose of biofeedback and relaxation training in professional use cases?

it builds a conditioned relaxation response

What is the purpose of pain management and placebo research in professional use cases?

it demonstrates classical conditioning of physiological responses

What is the purpose of animal training and research in professional use cases?

it is foundational for understanding learning circuits

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to systematic desensitization?

a therapist gradually pairs relaxation (new CR) with a fear inducing stimulus until the fear response weakens

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to exposure therapy?

a client is repeatedly exposed to anxiety triggering cues (CS) without negative consequences (US), which then weakens the conditioned fear

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to aversion therapy?

for addiction, a nausea inducing drug (US) is paired with alcohol (CS) to create an aversive association

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to taste aversion research?

scientists study how animals learn to avoid foods that cause illness, even after only one exposure

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to conditioned emotional responses?

researchers pair neutral stimuli with emotional ones to study emotional learning in humans

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to advertising and marketing?

companies pair products (CS) with images, music, or celebrities (US) to evoke positive emotions (CR)

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to medical conditioning?

patients sometimes develop nausea to hospital smells or sights after chemo sessions

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to biofeedback and relaxation training?

neutral cues are paired with relaxed physiological states so that clients can later induce calmness through those cues

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to pain management and placebo research?

Placebos become associated with real pain relief, leading to conditioned analgesia (pain reduction)

What is the use of classical conditioning with regards to animal training and research?

scientists pair neutral cues with stimuli to study learning, attention, and neurophysiological processes

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to behavior therapy?

Therapists reinforce desirable behaviors in children with autism using rewards like praise or tokens

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to Token economy programs?

clients will earn tokens for desirable behaviors, and exchange them for privliges

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to shaping in animal training?

trainers reward successive approximations toward complex behaviors

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to operant conditioning chambers?

scientists study learning by manipulating reinforcement schedules in animals by pressing leavers for food

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to classroom managment?

teachers use praise or other rewards to reinforce good behavior or academic performance

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to organizational behavior management?

employers use performance based incentives, feedback, or bonuses to shape productivity

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to cognitive-behavior therapy?

therapists use operant techniques to help clients replace maladaptive behaviors with constructive ones

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to neurorehabilitation?

therapists reinforce small movements or speech improvements in stroke patients to encourage recovery

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to self management?

physcologists train clients to self monitor, reward progress, and reduce rewards for unwanted habits

What is an example of the use of operant conditioning with regards to behavior modification programs?

inmates are reinforced for prosocial actions with privileges or reduced restrictions

How is classical conditioning different from operant conditioning?

classical is a learning association between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning is a voluntary response followed by a stimulus

What is Operant conditioning in its basic sense?

a response or behavior followed by a stimulus

What is thorndikes law of effect?

responses which produce a satisfying state of affairs are more likely to re-occur then those which produce a discomforting state

What was throndikes puzzle Box experiement?

He placed a hungry cat in a puzzle box and recorded how long it took the cat to escape on multiple trials

What are the outcomes of throndike’s puzzle Box experiement?

we learned that learning follows gradual, mechanical laws of association, sucessful outcomes are strengthened by satisfying outcomes, and ineffective behaviors are weakened because they didn’t lead to success

What did throndikes puzzle Box experiement demonstrate?

the basis of associative learning between stimulus and response

what is instrumental conditioning?

behavior is a means to an end or desired outcome, similar to operant conditioning

What did Skinner do?

he developed precise experimental methods such as the skinner box which allow for automatic recording, continuous measurement, precise manipulation of consequences, and high trial numbers

What is an operant?

a voluntary, purposeful behavior which an organism performs to produce a consequence. they are actions which operate on the environment and are modified by its consequences

What is a reinforcement?

a consequence which increases the likelihood of the preceding behavior in future situations

What is a punishment?

a consequence which decreases the likelihood of the preceding behavior in future situations

What is a positive reinforcement or punishment?

a case where something is added or given to the learner

What is a negative reinforcement or punishment?

a case where something is withheld or taken away from the learner

what are the two forms of negative reinforcement?

Escape and active avoidance

What is escape in terms of negative reinforcement?

Removing something annoying following correct behavior (EX: turning off an alarm clock by hitting snooze)

What is active avoidance in terms of negative reinforcement?

behavior which avoids something annoying (EX: studying to avoid getting a bad grade)

What is shaping?

an activity in which someone learns something hard by the reinforcement of gradual progressions towards the goal (EX: giving a dog a treat for doing each step of a trick so that he does the whole thing at once)

What is a primary reinforcer?

A reinforcer of immediate biological significance (Water, food, etc.)

what is a conditioned reinforcer?

A reinforcer which is initially neutral (money, tokens, etc.). they are generally used in shaping humans

What are schedules of reinforcement?

Rules about how often and under what conditions a response should be reinforced

What is continuous schedules of reinforcement?

reinforcement applied after every desired behavior

What is partial schedules of reinforcement?

reinforcement applied only after some of the desired behavior

Why are schedules of reinforcement so important in learning theory?

it effects learning rate, extinction resistance, and behavioral patterns

The discovery of schedules of reinforcement made learning:

predictable, quantifiable, and scientifically measureable

The discovery of schedules of reinforcement became the basis for:

behavior modification, animal training, addiction research, classroom management, work motivation systems, parenting strategies, and reinforcement learning in AI

When is continuous reinforcement effective?

during the initial learning of new behavior, when precision is needed, and when behavior is easily disrupted/fragile

When is continuous reinforcement not effective?

for long term maintenance of behavior, as it leads to fast extinction once the reinforcement stops and makes organisms reward dependent

when is partial reinforcement schedules effective?

after initial learning, when longer lasting behavior is desired, when high and steady responding is needed, when persistence is needed in the face of difficulty, when avoiding reinforcement saturation, and when the natural environment provides intermittent reinforcement

Why is partial schedules of reinforcement better for maintenance?

it results in more stable and more persistent behaviors which are more resistant to extinction

when is continuous reinforcement not effective?

when behavior is new or weak, when precision is needed, when teaching replacement behaviors, when a learner has attention difficulties, or when the goal is to reduce behavior

what is a ratio schedule of reinforcement?

a schedule which is dependent on the amount of times the target behavior occurs

what is an interval schedule of reinforcement?

a schedule which depends on how much time has passed since the last reinforcement

What is learned helplessness?

a condition of passivity created by exposure to inescapable, aversive events. It occurs when one has acquired a sense of having lost control over ones environment, and it prevents learning in later situation when avoidance is possible

What is seligmans dog study?

Dogs that previously experienced inescapable shocks failed to jump a simple barrier to avoid pain in a later test, demonstrating learned helplessness. This study suggests that when subjects learn their actions have no impact on an outcome, they stop trying to escape negative situations, a finding used to explain the passivity seen in clinical depression.

What category does social psychology fall under?

Society and cultural

what is social psychology?

The study of how people influence others behavior, beliefs, and attitudes both for better and worse

According to Dunbar, what is the sizer of most human social groups? Why?

It is limited by the size of the cortex

What is the need to belong theory?

the idea that we have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections to form networks of social relationships to connect and bond with others