Rock Deformation

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Tectonic Forces

Forces that result from plate tectonic activity and other geological processes

How do Tectonic Forces deform rocks?

Faulting, folding, stretching, and shearing

What determines whether a rock faults, folds, shears, or stretches?

if the rock is Brittle or Ductile

What are the 3 main types of tectonic forces?

Compressive, Tensional, and Shearing

Compressive Forces

Forces that squeeze and shorten a rock

Tensional Forces

Forces that stretch and pull apart a rock

In DUCTILE Rocks what do the 3 forces cause?

Folding, stretching, and shearing

In BRITTLE Rocks what do the 3 forces cause?

Reverse/Thrust faulting, normal faulting, and strike-slip faulting

What makes a rock Brittle or Ductile?

Confining pressure, temperature, type of rock, and rate of deformation

If the pressure is low a rock is Brittle or Ductile?

Brittle

If the pressure is high a rock is Brittle or Ductile?

Ductile

If the temperature is cool the rock is Brittle or Ductile?

Brittle

If the temperature is high the rock is Brittle or Ductile?

Ductile

Joints

Fractures in a rock in which there have been NO appreciable movement

Faults

Fracture in rock in which movement has occurred

Tensional Forces cause…

Normal faults

Normal faults occur in

Divergent Boundaries

Compression forces cause

Reverse/Thrust faults

Reverse/thrust faults occur in…

Convergent boundaries

Shearing forces cause…

Strike-slip faults

Strike-Slip faults occur in…

Transform boundaries

What is an example of a Strike Slip Fault?

San Andres Fault

Anticlines

Layered rocks that have been folded into arches

Is the image showing an Anticline or Syncline?

Anticline

Syncline

Layered rocks that have been folded into troughs

Is the image showing an Anticline or Syncline?

Syncline

In a Anticline where are the oldest and youngest rocks?

Old rocks are in the middle, younger rocks are at the sides

In a Syncline where are the oldest and youngest rocks?

Old rocks are at the sides, and younger rocks are in the middle

Dome

An upward bulge in rock layers

Basin

An downward bulge in rock layers

What are characteristics of Major Mountain Belts?

Size/Alignment, Ages of mountain belts/continents, thickness/characteristics of Rock layers, patterns of folding/faulting, metamorphism/plutonism, and normal faulting

Where are Mountains formed?

Convergent Boundaries

How can SOME Mountains form?

Folding, breaking, and volcanic eruptions

Folded, faulted, or volcanic? (How did it form?)

Faulted

Folded, faulted, or volcanic? (How did it form?)

Volcanic

How did the Great Basin and Range form?

The crust was stretched

What is the Evolution of a mountain belt?

Accumlation stage, orogenic stage, and uplift/block-faulting stage

Folded, faulted, or volcanic? (How did it form?)

Volcanic