UofG PSYC*2020 Final exam questions

Highest mortality rate of all disorders

Anorexia

Anorexia Nervosa

Restricted eating, intense fear of weight gain, and lack of perspective on body shape

• significantly low body weight

• Intense fear of weight gain

Anorexia restrictive type

Individual has not engaged in recurrent binge-eating or purging behaviour (last 3 months)

Anorexia binge-eating/purging type

Individual has engaged in recurrent binge-eating or purging behaviour (last 3 months)

Amenorrhea

Loss of menstrual period

Lanugo

Hair on limbs and cheeks due to severe weight loss

Atypical anorexia nervosa

Same criteria as Anorexia but with the condition that person is obese or average weight (not underweight)

AFID (avoidance/restrictive food intake disorder)

• new in DSM

• Lack of interest in food, extreme sensory issues and fear choking

• Detected in infants and children

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves regular binge cheating episodes, followed by behaviours intended to prevent weight gain

• food hoarding?

• Comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders, BPD, self injury and substance abuse.

Binge-eating disorder

Involves binge eating with lots of distress and with no compensatory behaviours

• Feeling embarrassment and guilt

• Common in obese individuals

• Can turn into bulimia

• 33% use food as mood regulation

treatment for eating disorders

• No drug cure for anorexia

• anti-depressants (can aid with binges)

• Family-based therapies

• CBT (target body attitudes)

Insomnia Disorder

Ongoing issue with poor sleep quality (can be chronic or acute)

• difficulty initiating sleep or maintaining sleep

• Could be caused by depression anxiety, or dementia

• Environmental factors

Hyper-somnolence Disorder

regular excessive sleepiness despite 7+ hours of sleep

• Feeling un refreshed after nine hours of sleep

• Sleeping throughout the day

• Unsure of the cause however there is some genetic influence

Narcolepsy

Reoccurring periods of irritable need to sleep, lapsing into sleep or napping occurring within the same day

• An irrepressible need to sleep

• Episodes of cataplexy: sudden loss and muscle tone when excited

Sleep Paralysis

Brief episodes after waking up where the person cannot move or speak

Hypnagogic Hallucintions

Vivid experiences that begin at the start of sleep and include visual, touch hearing or movement sensations

NREM Disorders

recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep (sleepwalking/sleep terrors)

• No memory of episodes or dreams

• 10 to 30% of children have at least one episode of sleepwalking

• Highly genetic

• More common in girls, but men in Adulthood

Nightmare Disorder

Multiple episodes of well remembered extremely stressful dreams

• Individual rapidly awakens and becomes alert

• Specify if mild, moderate or severe

• Often begins within ages 3 to 6 with peak, severity and adolescence

• Appears with psychosocial stressors stressor

Treatment for sleep disorders

• benzos or melatonin for insomnia

• Stimulant (similar to ADHD) for hypersomulance or narcolepsy

• Cataplexy: treated with antidepressants which reduce rem sleep

• Sleep hygiene

4 categories of sexual dysfunction

• arousal

• Pain

• Desire

• Orgasm

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder/ female sexual interest/arousal disorder

6 months of deficient or absent sexual thoughts/ fantasies and desire for sexual activity.

Asexuality

Lack of sexual interest/attraction to others. Low desire does not cause distress or impairment

Erectile Disorder

6 months of erectile dysfunction of some kind occurring 75-100% of sexual activities.

• difficulty obtaining, maintaining erection or reduced rigidity.

Delayed Ejaculation

Marked delay, infrequency or absence of ejaculation

Premature ejaculation

Within one minute of vaginal penetration before person wishes it

Female orgasmic disorder

Delayed, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations

Genito-pelvic pain/ penetration disorder

• difficulty or pain during intercourse

• Fear or anxiety about pain in anticipation of during or as a result of vaginal penetration

• Tensing or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during attempted penetration

Vaginismus

Paraphilic Disorders involve…

• sexual interest in an atypical target or activity

• Only a disorder if associated with at least one (distress or harm to self/ others)

Voyeuristic disorder

Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting naked people, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity.

18+ has acted on urges

Exhibitionistic disorder

Intense arousal from exposing genitals to unsuspecting people

Frotteuristic Disorder

Intense sexual arousal resulting from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person

Pedophilic Disorder

Intense sexual arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child.

• person is 16+ and 5 years older that victim

Sexual Masochism disorder

Sexual arousal resulting from being humiliated, beater, bound or made to suffer

Sexual sadism Disorder

Sexual arousal resulting from physical and psychological suffering of another person

Fetishistic Disorder

Involves intense sexual arousal resulting from use of cooling objects or highly specific focus on congenital body parts.

• fetish objects are not crossdressing or sex toy.

Transvestic Disorder

Sexual arousal resulting from cross-dressing

-specify if : with autogynephilia (arousal based on self as woman)

Child Gender Dysphoria

marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender - at least 6 months - 6+ symptoms

1. desire/insistence that one is or wants to be other gender

2. preference for stereotypically other-gender clothing

3. preference for cross-gender roles in play

4. preference for toys/games stereotypically other-gendered

5. preference for other-gender playmates

6. strong rejection of assigned gender games/toys/activities

7. strong dislike of one's sexual anatomy

8. strong desire for sex characteristics of experienced gender

Adult Gender Dysphoria

marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender - at least 6 months - 2+ symptoms

1. marked incongruence between experienced/expressed gender and primary/secondary sex characteristics

2. strong desire to be rid of incongruent sex characteristics

3. strong desire for sex characteristics of other gender

4. strong desire to be other gender

5. strong desire to be treated as other gender

6. strong conviction that one has feelings/reactions of other gender

ADHD

Typically involves inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity or both. Not necessarily a lack in attention but difficulty regulating attention.

• several symptoms present before age 12

• Seen in two different settings

• 5% of children (higher in boys)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Impairment in social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest, or activity

• lack of reciprocity

• Poorly intergrsted verbal and nonverbal communication

• Issues developing and maintaining relationships

Support of Autism (not recommended)…

Applied behaviour analysis

• used to promote language, communication, and social skills and decrease problem behaviours

• teaches masking instead of coping

• 86% report meeting PTSD criteria

Suicidal Ideation

Passive- I with I were death

Active- I should just kill myself

NSSI (non- suicidal self-injury)

Deliberate and immediate damage of one’s bodily tissue, in the absence of suicidal intent, for reasons not culturally or socially sanctioned

Intrapersonal reason for self injury

• emotional regulation

• Self-punishment

• To feel something

• To avoid acting on suicidal ideation

Interpersonal (related to others)

To get a response from others, to stop a consequence

Psychosis

Applied across many unusual behaviours

• most accurately refers to a loss of contact with reality (delusions and hallucinations)

Positive symptoms

• delusions

• Hallucinations

Negative symptoms

• avolition/ apathy

• Alogia (speaking less)

• Anhedonia (loss of pleasure)

• asociality

• Affective flattening

Disorganized symptoms

• difficulty in conversations

• Laughing or crying in wrong moments

• Moving weird

Schizophrenia

A particular from of psychosis that involves persistent distortion in reality, typically accompanied by strange behaviours (con look wildly diff from person to person)

• continued signed of disturbances with active phase but also prodromal and residual periods (fewer symptoms)

• Rule out schizoaffective disorder, depressive and bipolar disorder

Specify if with: catatonia

• 22% only experience one episode

Treatment for schizophrenia

• neuroleptic drugs (antipsychotics) block dopamine receptions (mostly helps with positive symptoms)

• CBT, BFT, social skills

Schizophreniform Disorder

Same as schizophrenia but lasts for less than 6 months.

Schizoaffective Disorder

An uninterrupted period of illness including major mood disorder (manic or depressive) at the same time as criteria A

Delusional Disorder

• presence of 1 delusions for 1 months and Criteria A of schizophrenia is NOT met.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

• presence of delusions hallucinations and disorganized speech.

• Episode lasts at least 1 day - 1 month

• Specify if: with or without stressors, or with peripartum onset (during 4 weeks of pregnancy)

Cluster A

Add or Eccentric

• paranoid

• Schizoid

• Schizotypal

Cluster B

Dramatic, emotional, erratic

• antisocial

• Borderline

• Histrionic

• Narcissistic

Cluster C

Anxious or fearful

• avoidant

• Dependent

• Obsessive-compulsive

Paranoid personality disorder

• pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

Does not occur exclusively during schizo, bipolar, or psychosis

• is genetically linked to schizophrenia

Prisoners, refugees, hearing impaired adults are at higher risk

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of detachment from relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotion in interpersonal relationships.

• are described as loners

• Homelessness is prevalent

• High overlap of autism

• Differing from shizotypal bc lack of unusual thoughts/ beliefs (is more focused on social isolations, reduced emotional range)

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and ecccentricities of behaviour.

• behave in odd or eccentric ways are isolated and suspicious

• Might be a precursor for schizophrenia

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of feelings of inadequacy and hyper sensitivity to negative evaluations

• Avoid work that involves significant social contact due to fear of being criticized

• cautious and intimate relationship is due to fear of shame or ridicule

Fear of embarrassment

Maybe a more severe version of social anxiety disorder.

Dependant Personality Disorder

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clingy behaviour and fears of separation

• Difficulty making everyday decisions

• Lack of opinion

• Seek new relationships as soon as close relationship ends

• Possible cause might be sociotropy

Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control

• Preoccupied with the rules, list, order and organization

• Excessively devoted to work in productivity

• money is hoarded for future catastrophes

• Is seen as a mindset rather than a distinct pattern of obsessions and compulsions

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rates of others occurring since age 15

• Repeatedly breaking laws

• Deceitfulness

• Impulsivity and failure to plan ahead

• Aggressive, lying, and cheating

• Diagnosis is more common in prison settings, and predicts likelihood of reoffending

Psychopathy

Not a DSM diagnosis, but falls on the high end of antisocial personality disorder. People with psychopathy may be more reward/gold driven and less worried about risks/consequences.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and effect along with marked impulsivity

• Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment

• Pattern of unstable and intense relationships

Unstable self image and reoccurrence, suicidal behavior, gestures, or self injury

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

• Are uncomfortable situations where they are not the centre of attention

• Interactions are often inappropriate or sexual, overly intense emotions across the board

• Call morbid with antisocial personality disorder might be the female version of ASPD

Narcissistic personality disorder

• Grandiose sense of self importance

• Preoccupied with fantasies of greatness

• Beliefs that he or she is special

• Requests excessive admiration

• Is interpersonally exploitative

• Lacks empathy

• Is envious and believe, others or envious of them

  Comorbid with depression

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

• developed specifically for people with borderline personality disorder

• Explicitly designed to support distress tolerance in an attempt to reduce suicidal ideation and self injury

• Dialectical, thinking involves holding two simile opposite perspectives together

Oppositional defiant Disorder (ODD)

Generally looks like being irritable, argumentative and defiant and often begins in preschool

• Pattern of angry, irritable, mood, aggressive, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness

• Often Call morbid with ADHD and conductive disorder

Conduct disorder (CD)

Generally looks like a lack of care for others, basic rights, and for societal, norms, and roles

• Or repetitive persistent pattern of behaviour in which the rights of others and or suicidal norms/rules are violated

• If 18 or older criteria not met for social personality disorder

• Often are bullies or are bullied

• Initiate fights use weapons are physically cruel to people and animals and have stolen

cognitive abilities

Thinking reasoning and problem-solving necessary for building academic skills, and typically stable across the lifespan

Academic skills

Reading reading in math developed across the lifespan with education and rely on underlying cognitive abilities

Dyslexia

Issues with word, reading, or understanding what is written

Dysgraphia

Issues with spelling, grammar, or organizing, written ideas

Dyscalculia

Issues with a number sense/number facts or math reasoning

Intellectual disability

• Significantly below average intelligence (cognitive ability)

• Significantly below average adaptive functioning (day-to-day life)

90% of those with intellectual disabilities fall in the mild range (50/55-70 IQ)

Individual education plans(IEP’s)

• Special education, plan, accommodation, and services for a student

• Theoretically, anyone can have an IEP but easier if exceptional

• Created by school in cooperation with family and others