Nervous system 2 (The brain)

Meninges

Three connective tissue layers covering brain and spinal cord:

- dura mater (outer)

.

-Arachnoid

.

-PIA Mater

Dura mater

Tough outer layer that protects CNS

Arachnoid mater

Web-like middle layer with subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia mater

Thin inner layer closely adhering to brain and spinal cord surface

Explain how the brain forms primary vesicles (map)

Explain how the brain forms secondary vesicles (map)

Explain how secondary vesicles develop into 4 major brain regions

Summary

4 major regions of human brain

-cerebrum

.

- cerebellum

.

-diencephalon

.

- brainstem (Medulla oblongata, Mid-brain, Pons)

Diagram of human brain

Brain stem consists of

-medulla oblongata

.

-pons

.

-midbrain

Brainstem (general function)

Controls basic life functions

.

-homeostasis ◦

.

-coordination of movement ◦

.

-conduction of impulses to higher brain centers

Medulla oblongata and pons

-heart & blood vessel activity ◦ breathing ◦ swallowing ◦ vomiting ◦ digestion

.

-Relays information to & from higher brain centers

cerebellum

1.The cerebellum controls balance.

,

2. The cerebellum controls posture.

Midbrain

Integrates sensory information and controls visual and auditory reflexes

Cerebrum (structure)

Largest brain region with two hemispheres divided into lobes

Cerebrum (function)

Controls thinking

memory

speaking

movement

Left hemisphere

language

.

math

.

logic operations,

.

processing of serial sequences of information

.

visual & auditory details .

detailed activities required for motor control

Right

-pattern recognition

.

-spatial relationships

.

-non-verbal ideation

.

-emotional processing

4 lobes of the brain

-Frontal

.

-Temporal

.

-Occipital

.

-Parietal

Frontal lobe

Involved in reasoning

.

-Memory Formation

- Emotions

- Decision Making/Reasoning

- Personality

Parietal Lobe

- located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull

.

-Senses and integrates sensation(s)

,

- Spatial awareness and perception

Occipital lobe

Responsible for vision and visual processing

.

processing, integration, interpretation

Temporal lobe

-Located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull.

.

-Involved in hearing (Organization/Comprehension of language)

.

-Information Retrieval (Memory)

List 5 cerebral features

-Gyri

.

-Sulci (central sulcus)

.

-Fissures (longitudinal , transverse, sylvian/lateral)

5 cerebral features of the cortical surface

Gyri

Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain

Sulci

Small grooves dividing the gyri

.

-Central sulcus: Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe

Fissures

Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain

Longitudinal Fissure

Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres

Transverse Fissure

Separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum

Sylvian/Lateral Fissure

Divides the Temporal Lobe from the Frontal and Parietal Lobes

What does the cerebrum contain foe higher motor functions

-motor

.

-sensory

.

-association areas

Motor cortex

Controls voluntary movements (located in frontal lobe)

Sensory cortex

Receives and processes sensory input (located in parietal lobe)

Association areas

Integrate information from multiple regions for higher functions like thinking