BIO 115 Final Exam Spring 2024 Russell - Miami University

Not mine, found elsewhere

Unifying Themes of Biology

1. Organization

2. Information Processing

3. Energy and Matter

4. Interactions

5. Evolution

Organizations (Largest to Smallest)

Biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

Information Processing

DNA, RNA, and protein

Energy and Matter

Everything alive needs energy and nutrients (energy flows, nutrients cycle)

Interactions

Includes both the interactions between each other and the environment

Evolution

Explains unity and diversity

3 Domains of Life

1. Domain Bacteria

2. Domain Archaea

3. Domain Eukarya

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia, and Protists

Inquiry

process to gain knowledge or solve problems

Knowledge in Hypotheses

You need knowledge to form a hypothesis so that you ask the right questions

Testable Hypothesis

Cannot be constrained by technology, time, etc.

Falsifiable Hypothesis

Must be able to disprove the hypothesis

If . . . then

The set up for a hypothesis

Models

Formed based on multiple tests

Theories

Formed after many rounds of testing without rejection, but have BROAD explanatory power

Causation

An observed event or action appears to have caused a second event or action

Correlation

Mutual relationship

Biome

Habitat characterized by distinctive living organisms; consider scale (there are multiple micro biomes in/on your body)

Ecosystem

Biotic and abiotic factors in a particular area (ex. marine ecosystem); made up of communities of living organisms and non-living things that affect them

Community

All living things in a defined area (populations of different species)

Population

Group of individuals within a species found in a particular area

Biotic Factor

Living things, organic waste products of living things, interactions with other living organisms

Abiotic Factors

Factors in an environment that are not living (ex. rocks and minerals, atmospheric gases, temperature, humidity)

Energy Sources

Chemical or solar

Producers (Energy and Carbon Source)

Chemoautotrophs

Photoautotrophs (plants)

Consumers (Energy and Carbon Source)

Chemoheterotroph (humans)

Photoheterotrophs

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transformations are not 100% efficient; energy is lost with every conversion

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

Total production by primary producers in an ecosystem

Net Primary Production (NPP)

GPP - energy used by primary producers for reparation; what is available to consumers; energy per unit area per unit time (ex. J/m^2 * yr)

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Limiting Factors

Water, space, carbon source, energy source, nutrients (C, N, P, S, etc)

Transformation of Energy

Enters an ecosystem as solar radiation, is conserved, and is lost from organisms as heat

Autotrophs

Build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source

Heterotrophs

Depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms

Energy Flow

Primary producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer

Detritivores or Decomposers

Consumers that service their energy from detritus

Detritus

Nonliving organic matter(ex. prokaryotes and fungi)

Clade Virdiplantae

Plastids with chlorophyll (A&B)

Cellulose Cell Walls

Food Stored as Starch

Contains: Chlorophyta and Streptophytes, Charophytes, Bryophytes, Lycopadophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Anthophyta

Clade Chlorophyta

Green algae

Mainly freshwater

~7000 species

Phragmoplast

Microtubluar assemblages of endoplasmic reticulm and cytoplasm

Used for cellular communication

Plasmodesmata are the endoplasmic reticulum within the phragmoplast

Efficiencies of Different Animals

Birds and Mammals: 1-3%

Fishes: 10%

Insects and Microorganisms: 40% or more

Trophic Efficiency

The percentage of production transferred from one prophet level to the next; usually about 10%, but ranges from 5% to 20% (~0.1% of energy transformed by primary producers reaches tertiary consumers)

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes with the same genes in exactly the same sequence but with different alleles

Biogeochemical Cycles

Nutrient cycles in ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic components

Carbon Fixation

The production of sugar molecules during photosynthesis

Stabilizing selection

Genetic diversity decreases and stabilizes on a particular trait value

Ex: tiny babies die, giant babies die

Favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Directional selection

Favoring one extreme phenotype over the other and the intermediate

most common during environmental change or when moving to a new habitat with different conditions; directional shift in frequency curve

Disruptive selection

A.K.A Diversifying

Extreme values of a trait are favored over intermediate values

(Large beak finches are prosperous and small beak finches also but not medium beak finches)

Favors the survival of two or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes

Balancing selection

Favoring heterozygous genotypes.

Ex: Sickle cell heterozygosity favored because they are carriers but they don't have the negative effects of the disease

Maintains genetic diversity and balanced polymorphism

Diversifying selection

A.K.A Disruptive

Extreme values of a trait are favored over intermediate values

(Large beak finches are prosperous and small beak finches also but not medium beak finches)

When environmental conditions favor individuals at both extremes

Allele

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

Tetrad

A pair of homologous chromosomes

Xylem

The wood of the tree

Transports water from the roots to the branches and leaves

Phloem

In the bark of the tree

Transports sugars from the branches and leaves to the roots

True Breeding

When both organisms which breed together are homozygous. (check for accuracy)

Ecotone

Gradation between two ecosystems that share many characteristics of both systems

Fossilization

From organic materials available as nutrients (living organisms, detritus) to organic materials unavailable as nutrients (coal, oil, peat)

Erosion/Burning of Fossil Fuels

From organic materials unavailable as nutrients (coal, oil, peat) to inorganic materials available as nutrients (atmosphere, soil, water)

Assimilation/Photosynthesis

From inorganic materials available as nutrients (atmosphere, soil, water) to organic materials available as nutrients (living organisms, detritus)

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

From inorganic materials available as nutrients (atmosphere, soil, water) to inorganic materials unavailable as nutrients (minerals in rocks)

Ammonification

Decomposition of N2 to NH4+ (ammonium - used by some plants)

Nitrification

Decomposition of NH4+ to NO3- (nitrate - used by animals and some plants)

Ecology

The study of interactions among organisms and their environment (both abiotic and biotic)

Biotic Interactions

Interactions among living things

Abiotic Interactions

Interactions between organisms and their nonliving environment

Environmental Science

Application of ecology to real world problems

Organismal Ecology

Physiological ecology and behavioral ecology

Population Ecology

Focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals (populations), including the studies of species interactions (predation, competition, and parasitism)

Goal: to understand factors affecting population growth, density, and size

Community Ecology

How populations of species interact and form functional communities; some species rich and some species poor areas; study os succession also

Macroclimate

Patterns of the global, regional, and landscape level

Ecosystems Ecology

Studies the flow of energy and cycling of nutrients among organisms within a community and between organisms and the environment; biotic and abiotic components

Trophic Levels

Levels in food chains

Food Web

Interconnection of food chains

Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity

The angle at which sunlight hits Earth affects its intensity, the amount of heat, and light per unit of surface area (strongest at equator)

Greenhouse Effect

The Earth's surface is heated and energy is radiated back into the atmosphere, where atmospheric gases absorb much of the energy and reradiate to the Earth's surface; allows for life on Earth

Causes of Greenhouse Effect

Mainly water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons

Greenhouse Gases

Water Vapor (36-70%)

Carbon Dioxide (9-26%)

Methane (4-9%)

Ozone (3-7%)

Global Warming

Increase in greenhouse gases due to human activities

Ocean Currents

Caused by rotation of the Earth and winds

Global Climate Patterns

Determined largely by solar energy and earth's movement in space

Climate

Prevailing weather pattern in a region (components: temperature, water, wind, and light); predicts the occurrence of specific biomes (major community types); major factor determining the locations of terrestrial biomes

Seasonality

Seasonal variations of light and temperature increase steadily toward the poles; caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation and the passage around the sun; changing wind patterns affect ocean currents

Earth's Tilt Angle

23.5 degrees

Atmospheric Circulation

The air flows toward the poles and cools and then travels to the equator and warms and then goes back to the poles

Coriolis Effect Cells

1. Hadley Cell: nearest equator

2. Polar Cell: nearest poles

3. Ferrell Cell: in between

Biome Determinations

Temperature differences and wind patterns

Adiabatic Cooling

Increasing elevation leads to 10*C drop for every 1000m

Rain Shadow

Warm, moist air flows ip mountain and cools releasing precipitation, leeward side allows drier air to descend forming area where precipitation is noticeably less

Sea Level and Land Mass

Breezes influence the temperature of the land which changes the ocean current

Terrestrial Biomes

Often named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation; usually grade into each other, without sharp boundaries

Microclimate

Determined by fine-scale differences in the environment that affect light and wind patterns

Bodies of Water and Their Effect on the Climate

Oceans, their currents and large lakes influence it; currents flowing toward the equator carry cold water from the poles, currents flowing away from the equator carry warm water to the poles

Aquatic Biome Factors

Distinguished by salinity, oxygen content, depth, current strength, and availability of light

Marine Biomes

Salt concentrations of about 3%; largest made up of the oceans which are about 75% of Earth's surface

Freshwater Biomes

Salt concentrations of less than 0.1%; closely linked to soils and the biotic components of the surrounding terrestrial biome

Zonation in Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic biomes are stratified into zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth

Photic Zone

Upper zone with sufficient light for photosynthesis

Aphotic Zone

Lower zone with little light

Population Ecology

Study of how populations grow and what promotes and limits growth