ETVT NSAs are effective in tackling contemporary global issues

T1 – Non Governmental Organisations and Charitable Foundations, effective

Sig resources and power can be leveraged to address issues, support vulnerable populations. Effective in response to crises, operational flexibility allows bypass bureaucratic delays and provide immediate aid.

E.g. Syrian Civil War had live saving care delivered by Doctors Without Borders, setting up field hospitals and mobile clinics in remote areas, essential medical services in ongoing conflict.

Aid also provided by charitable foundations e.g. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation spent billions in initiatives (GAVI), provide vaccines to over 1B children, preventing ~13M deaths.

Other NGOs can also protect HR by documenting abuses, advocating for policy change internationally.
E.g. Human Rights Watch reporting abuses towards Rohingya in Myanmar prompting international legal action.
Able to enact change by mobilising public opinion and holding important toles in IGOs e.g. Human Rights Watch having consultative status in UN ECOSOC.

T1 – Non Governmental Organisations and Charitable Foundations, ineffective

Ultimately ineffective as they lack transparency and accountability to communities they claim to support.

E.g. Oxfam 2018 Scandal, aid workers engaging in sexual exploitation in Haiti after 2010 earthquake. Eroded public trust therefore legitimacy of NGO. Highlighting lack of effective oversight mechanisms in NGOs limits effectiveness at tackling contemporary global issues.

Can also inadvertently create dependency, preventing ability for vulnerable populations to foster sustainable solutions.
E.g. South Sudan NGOs create parallel governance, reliance on foreign aid weakens ability of local govs to address own challenges.

NGOs also limited by gov legislation, states exercise sovereignty to restrict their effectiveness. 11/24 Venezuela Anti NGO law requires state approval to operate. Limits prominent NGOs e.g. Accion Solidaria HIV treatment and healthcare forced to scale back.

T1 – Non Governmental Organisations and Charitable Foundations, overall

Largely ineffective. Important short term relief undermined by long term unaccountability and distance from local populations. Makes difficult for local actors to tackle issues e.g. poverty, HR that lead to long term failure due to dependency.

T2 – Multinational Corporations, effective

MNCs hold sig power in global economy, effective in tackling poverty as have economic power to create jobs, invest in local economies in world’s poorest countries.

E.g. Unilever operates extensive supply change in rural areas of Kenya and India, sourcing raw materials from local farmers, so boosts income and supports small-scale agriculture.

Can also invest in infrastructure and skills training, long term benefits for developing economies.
E.g. Toyota manufacturing plants in SAfrica provide vocational training programs, enhance skills of local workforce thus employability beyond company’s operations.

MNCs in these countries can exchange investment for value of workers, mutual benefit in tackling contemporary global issues.

T2 – Multinational Corporations, ineffective

MNCs obsession with profit maximisation leads to environmental harm and poverty exacerbation.

Poverty exacerbated by exploitative labour practices and limited reinvestment in local economies, prioritise short-term profit over sustainable development.
Take advantage worse workplace standards by outsourcing labour e.g. Foxconn (major tech supplier) faced criticism for poor working conditions in Chinese factories, workers reporting excessive hours and low wages.

Seen in extractive industries such as Glencore mining in DRC, exploit local resources with minimal investment in local community. Areas remain impoverished when operations cease.

Environment harmed by disregard for effects esp in developing countries. E.g. Royal Dutch Shell extensive oil spills in Niger Delta, devastated local fishing/agriculture, livelihoods of communities destroyed.

MNCs cause extensive harm to poorer areas that exploits population while preventing from being able to resolve contemporary global issues themselves.

T2 – Multinational Corporations, overall

Given sheer severity of ways they harm environment and local populations, any positive schemes from MNCs in aiding local populations seem superficial attempts to cover the significant damage they cause. History of issues with MNCs suggests complete incapability to tackle contemporary global issues.

CCLN

NSAs ineffective at tackling contemporary global issues in different ways dependent on actor. Only successful in regard to the short term, made ineffective in long term by harm they cause (MNCs) or by restrictions/weaknesses placed on them that hinder capabilities (NGOs). Other actors better in regards to poverty, environment and human rights, therefore limited at all.