Exam II Study Guide - Chapters 16, 17, and HEENT

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the musculoskeletal, neurological, and HEENT systems based on the Exam II study guide transcript.

Myalgia

Muscle pain; note that it is the most common symptom reported with statin medications.

Erythema

Redness of the skin that indicates inflammation or infection.

Ataxia

An unsteady gait.

Tinel's Test

A test performed by tapping the median nerve on the thumb side of the palm; a positive result is tingling radiating to the thumb, index, or middle finger, indicating carpal tunnel syndrome.

Phalen's Test

A test where the patient flexes both wrists and presses palms together for 1 minute; positive if tingling or numbness is felt, indicating carpal tunnel syndrome.

Scoliosis

A lateral S-shaped or C-shaped curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine, often featuring unequal shoulder and hip height.

Kyphosis

An excessive curvature of the thoracic spine, characterized by a hunchback or slouching appearance.

Lordosis

An increased inward curvature of the lumbar spine, characterized by a swayback appearance; commonly seen in pregnancy.

Heberden's Nodes

Bony enlargements at the DISTAL interphalangeal ($DIP$) joints, commonly seen in osteoarthritis.

Bouchard's Nodes

Bony enlargements at the PROXIMAL interphalangeal ($PIP$) joints, commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.

Paresthesia

Numbness or tingling that may indicate nerve or vascular compromise.

Pallor

Pale skin indicating possible decreased circulation to an extremity.

Dizziness

A sensation of lightheadedness and feeling faint.

Vertigo

The sensation of moving in space or the feeling that objects are moving around the person.

Dysphasia

Changes in or difficulty with speech.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing; which puts the patient at high risk for aspiration.

Tinnitus

Ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears when no external noise is present.

Anosmia

The inability to smell or identify a scent.

Romberg Test

A test for cerebellar dysfunction where the patient stands with feet together and arms at sides, observing for swaying with eyes open then closed for 30 seconds.

Dysmetria

A condition where a patient over or under projects during the Finger-to-Nose test; indicative of cerebellar dysfunction.

Dysdiadochokinesis

Uncoordinated, slow, and clumsy rapid alternating movements; may indicate Parkinson's, MS, or cerebellar disease.

Pronator Drift Test

A test where the patient extends both arms with palms up and eyes closed for 20 to 30 seconds; a positive result (drifting or pronating) indicates a cortical spinal tract abnormality.

Graphesthesia

The ability to identify a letter or number written on the palm when the eyes are closed.

Stereognosis

The ability to correctly identify an object placed in the palm when the eyes are closed.

Hypotonia

Decreased muscle tone and strength, often seen in neuromuscular disorders or cerebellar lesions.

Flaccidity

A complete loss of muscle tone.

Hemiparesis

Loss of muscle tone and strength on one side of the body, often indicating a stroke.

Decorticate Posturing

A sign of severe brain injury where the arms are flexed, legs are extended, and there is plantar flexion.

Decerebrate Posturing

A sign of severe brainstem injury where the arms are stiffly extended and pronated and the legs are hyperextended.

Epistaxis

A nosebleed.

Rhinorrhea

Thin, watery nasal discharge.

Xerostomia

Dry mouth, often seen in older adults due to decreased saliva production.

Normocephalic

A normal finding where the head is symmetrical, midline, and round.

Exophthalmos

Protecting or bulging eyes, often associated with Graves' disease.

Leukoplakia

White spots or patches on the tongue that may become malignant.

Goiter

An enlarged thyroid gland.

Presbycusis

Age-related, progressive hearing loss.

Presbyopia

An age-related change where the ability to focus on near objects decreases.

Diplopia

Double vision.

Anisocoria

Unequal pupil size.

Mydriasis

Bilateral dilation of the pupils.

Miosis

Constriction of the pupils.

Ptosis

Drooping of the eyelid.