Lecture 3 - Phylogenetic Reconstrcution

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Last updated 7:21 PM on 4/15/26
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20 Terms

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Common Principles of Phylogenetic Reconstruction

  • Species are product of descent from common ancestor

  • Length and number of branches provide information on relatedness

  • Morphological, biochemical and behavioural of molecular features of species or other groups can be used to construct phylogenies.

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Basic Principles of Phylogenetic Reconstruction

  • Related groups have many characteristics in common

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Taxon

  • Species/Population

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Synapomorphy

  • Aquired or dervives characteristics shared among groups

  • Hypothesised to originate from a single common ancestor

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Autapomorphy

Derived train present in a single taxon

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Character States

  • Absent, Present, Abundantly Present (=3 character states)

  • No character states means an outgroup

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Outgroup

  • Common ancestor of all taxa under study

<ul><li><p>Common ancestor of all taxa under study </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phylogenetic Tree Structure

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Ordered vs Unordered States

  • Unordered: character states can evolve into any other state (cephalisation quotient - ratio between brain content and predicted brain content normalised for body volume)

  • Ordered: logical sequence between character states and limits toplogy of phylogeny (diastema - space between incisors and canines)

<ul><li><p>Unordered: character states can evolve into any other state (cephalisation quotient - ratio between brain content and predicted brain content normalised for body volume) </p></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p>Ordered: logical sequence between character states and limits toplogy of phylogeny (diastema - space between incisors and canines) </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Reversible vs Irreversible character states

  • Reversible states are less complex and can return back after time in evolution and Irreversible are more complex and cannot return back in evolution.

<ul><li><p>Reversible states are less complex and can return back after time in evolution and Irreversible are more complex and cannot return back in evolution. </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Monophyletic Trees

  • A group of that includes all members that share a most recent common ancestor

<ul><li><p>A group of that includes all members that share a most recent common ancestor </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Paraphyletic Group

  • Not all decendants are represented within the group

  • Examples are reptiles.

<ul><li><p>Not all decendants are represented within the group</p></li><li><p>Examples are reptiles. </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Polyphyletic

  • Taxa belong to different groups (do not share common ancestor)

<ul><li><p>Taxa belong to different groups (do not share common ancestor) </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Homoplasy

  • Character state that has evolved at least 2x independently from different common ancestors

  • Reasons:

    • Convergent Evolution: adaptation of unrelated species to a particular environment

    • Reversion, Reverse Mutation.

  • Example: white skin alleles in Europe and Asia came from different mutations

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UPGMA

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Mxiumum Parsimony

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Example of Maximum Parsimony

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UPGMA vs Maximum Parsimony

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Molecular Clock in Mammals

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Different types of DNA differ in mutation rates

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