Structural Thyroid Disease, Thyroid Nodules, and Thyroid Cancer

-normal thyroid- lobular architecture

-normal thyroid- cuboidal follicular epithelial cells

-C cells

-C cells (hyperplastic)- calcitonin stain

-nodular hyperplasia

-disruption of follicular architecture

-papillary thyroid carcinoma- papillary architecture

papillary thyroid carcinoma- diagnosis

-PTC- nuclear grooves

-PTC- pseudoinclusions

papillary thyroid carcinoma- clinical features

follicular adenomatoid hyperplasia, follicular adenoma, MIFTC, angioinvasive FTC

-follicular adenomatoid hyperplasia

-not a distinct/discreet lesion

medullary thyroid carcinoma- hereditary

thyroid carcinoma- molecular pathology

-papillary thyroid carcinoma

goiter

goiter mechanisms

non-toxic goiters

simple goiter- endemic

endemic simple goiter- mechanisms

simple goiter- sporadic

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

nodules

clinical evaluation

cancer risk factors

further evaluation

ultrasonography (US)

US features of nodules- benign, maligant

-halo sign

-microcalcifications

-increased vascularity

thyroid scan

functioning nodule on scan

biopsy?

algorithm for nodules

surgical considerations