American History Final Exam Study Guide

Vocabulary based flashcards identifying key terms, figures, and events from United States history as presented in the study guide transcript.

Plessy v. Ferguson

U.S Supreme Court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine for public facilities

Second Battle of Bull Run

A Civil War battle where the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

He was a Mexican general that was captured at the Battle of San Jacinto

Seventeenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect U.S senators

Dollar Diplomacy

Influencing governments through economic, not military, intervention.

Sacagawea

A Shoshone Indian who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition

Stamp Act

A law passed by Parliament that raised tax money by requiring colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items such as newspapers, licenses and legal documents

Wilderness Campaign

A series of battles between Union and Confederate forces in northern and central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of Richmond

Jefferson Davis

He was a Mississippi native who was elected president of the Confederacy in $1861$

Sectionalism

The idea of putting the interest of a region over the interest of the nation

Settlement houses

Neighborhood centers staffed by professionals and volunteers for education, recreation and social activities in poor areas

Migration

The movement of people from one region to another

Thirteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment that outlawed slavery

Sons of Liberty

A secret society formed by the colonists. The group sometimes used violence to frighten tax collectors

National debt

The amount of money owed by the nation to foreign countries and the nation's citizens

Result of the War of 1812

It strengthened patriotism among Americans

Missouri Compromise

An equal balance between free and slave states was maintained

Oregon Trail

A $2,170$-mile large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon which took $6$ months to travel.

Nullification crisis

It was a dispute over the states' power to reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

Trail of Tears

A forced $800$-mile march Cherokee Indians made in their removal from Georgia

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth during which machines became essential to manufacturing

Trade union

An organization of workers who tried to improve pay and working conditions for members

White southerner slave ownership (early $1800s$)

one-third

Mid-$1800s$ urban crime fighting

They used volunteer night watches

Second Great Awakening

It was a period of Christian renewal that began in the northeastern United States

Southern secession (Election of $1860$)

Southern states seceded because the southern economy and way of life would be destroyed

Post-Civil War African American status

Southern African Americans were now free because of the Emancipation Proclamation

Reconstruction Acts of $1867$

Passed by Congress in $1867$, they divided the South into five military districts controlled by a military commander

Beginning of the Civil War

The firing of Confederate guns on Fort Sumter

Transcontinental railroad

It connected the Eastern United States to the West

Stockholders

Individuals who own stock in a company and they can sell their stock shares at any time

Industry condition decline (late $1800s$)

Caused by an emphasis put on high profits and efficiency

New immigrants

Came to the U.S. during the $1880s$

Mass transit

A system of public transportation created to move a large number of passengers

Gilded Age Politics

They can best be characterized as corrupt

Socialism

An economic system where the government owns the factories and raw materials

Imperialism

An empire built by founding colonies or conquering other nations

Johannes Gutenberg

Developed the printing press that used movable type

Shay's Rebellion

Uprising of farmers to protest high taxes and heavy debt

Lewis and Clark

Their exploration provided many Americans with their first account of the Southwest

Spirituals

Emotional Christian songs that boosted the hopes of slaves

Compromise of $1850$

Proposed by Henry Clay, it settled most of the disputes between slave and Free states over the issue of admitting California to the Union

Fort Sumter

Confederate gunfire upon it in $1861$ marked the official beginning of the Civil War

The Alamo

From February $23$-March $6$, $1836$, a small group of Texas rebels held out against the Mexican forces and became an important battle sight in the Texas Revolution

Zebulon Pike

An Army officer who was sent to find the starting point of the Red River.

Knights of Labor

They were the first truly national labor union in the United States

Sherman Antitrust Act

A law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade