Bio 108 Module 3 - Cells
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151 Terms
What does cell theory state?
All living things are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
What are the two major categories of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What are all organisms composed of?
One or more cells.
What structures do all cells have?
A plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
What is the plasma membrane?
A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell.
What molecules make up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane.
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
The phosphate head.
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The fatty acid tails.
Why do phospholipids form a bilayer in water?
The hydrophilic heads face water while the hydrophobic tails face inward away from water.
What does selective permeability mean?
The membrane allows some substances to pass while blocking others.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
A model describing the plasma membrane as a fluid phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
What are transport proteins?
Proteins that help substances move across the membrane.
What are channel proteins?
Transport proteins that provide passageways through the membrane.
What are carrier proteins?
Transport proteins that bind and carry substances across the membrane.
What are receptor proteins?
Proteins that receive signals from outside the cell.
What are recognition proteins?
Proteins that help cells identify one another.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A smaller, simpler cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane
What organisms are prokaryotic?
Bacteria and Archaea.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A larger, more complex cell with a nucleus and membrane
What organisms are eukaryotic?
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Which type of cell evolved first?
Prokaryotic cells.
Do prokaryotic cells have ribosomes?
Yes.
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
No.
What is the nucleoid?
The region in a prokaryotic cell containing DNA.
Do eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?
yes
What organelles are found in both plant and animal cells?
Nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton.
What organelles are found only in plant cells?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls cell activities and stores DNA.
What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
What are nuclear pores?
Openings that allow materials to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
What is chromatin?
DNA and associated proteins within the nucleus.
What is a chromosome?
A condensed DNA
What is the nucleolus?
The site where ribosome components are made.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
Why are ribosomes called the protein factories of the cell?
They manufacture proteins according to DNA instructions.
What is the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins?
DNA provides instructions for making RNA, and RNA directs protein production.
What is the endomembrane system?
A network of membranes including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and vesicles.
What are vesicles?
Small membrane
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A membrane network involved in manufacturing cellular products.
What is rough ER?
ER covered with ribosomes that makes proteins.
What is the function of rough ER?
Produces and modifies proteins.
What is smooth ER?
ER without ribosomes.
What is the function of smooth ER?
Produces lipids and detoxifies drugs and wastes.
What organelle manufactures and processes lipids?
Smooth ER.
What organelle detoxifies harmful substances?
Smooth ER.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
The cell's shipping and receiving center.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Sorts, modifies, packages, and ships molecules.
What are lysosomes?
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down large molecules, old organelles, and cellular waste.