Chem exam 3

amines

R-NH₂

Have a lower priority than -OH

1º, 2º, 3º amine

depends on how many carbons are attached to the nitrogen

aldehydes

alkanal

R-CHO

can reduce and oxidize

ketones

alkanone

R-C=O-R

can reduce

carboxylic acids

alkanoic acids

R-COOH

undergo: conjugate acid-base reactions

conjugate acid-base reactions

Drop the -ic and add -oate to the chain and name the ion

fats and oils

carboxylic acids that are 10-20 carbons long

H₂O soluble salts

Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺

acetone

acetic acid

formic acid

formaldehyde

Esters

R-C(=O)-O-R

drop the -ic and add -ate

Amide

R-C(=O)-N

Carbohydrates

C_xH₂O_y

all natural sugars have penultimate carbon -OH ground on the right side

_DSugar

penultimate -OH on the right side

_LSugar

penultimate -OH on the left side

pyranose

6 membered ring

O at 1 o’clock

alpha sugar

-OH oriented down at carbon 1

beta sugar

-OH oriented up at carbon 1

furanose

5 membered ring