Division Pteridophyta

what are the classes under Division Pteridophyta

• Class Psilotopsida

• Class Equisetopsida

• Class Marattopsida

  • (all three classes above are Eusporangiate ferns)

• Class Pteridopsida

  • Leptosporangiate ferns

what are the orders under Psilotopsida

• Order Psilotales (Psilotum, Tmesipteris)

• Order Ophioglossales (Ophioglossum)

what is the class and order of Equisetum?

Class Equisetopsida

Order Equisetales

what is the class and order of Marattia

Class Marattopsida

Order Marattiales

what are the families under Class Pteridopsida

• Family Polypodiaceae (Polypodium)

• Family Woodsiaceae (Cystopteris)

• Family Cyatheaceae (Cyathea)

what are the orders under Class Pteridopsida

• Order Polypodiales

• Order Cyathiales

• large sporangium that developed from several cells

• producing many spores

• the sporangia are often fused to form synangia

• considered as the primitive type of sporangia

Eusporangiate sporangium

• small specialized sporangia developing from a single cell

• produce small definite number of spores

• sporangium often occur in a cluster (sorus) covered by a flap of tissue- indusium

• advance type of sporangia

Leptosporangiate sporangium

• perennial herbs, trees, epiphytes, and floating plants

• inhabit terrestrial and freshwater environments

  • several species dominate the terrestrial environment

• stem with steles of almost all types

Division Pteridophyta

• dichotomously branched; no leaves or roots

• stems are photosynthetic with rhizoids

• homosporous

• gametophyte is small, inconspicuous, and saprophytic

Psilotum (whisk fern)

in Psilotum, sporangia occur as?

Sporangia occur as eusporangiate synangia at the short lateral stems with enations (microphyll)

Eusporangiate synangia

• the horsetails or scouring rushes

• with jointed and ribbed stem

Equisetum

the strobilus of Equisetum is composed of?

Strobilus compose of sporangiophores, each with multiple homosporous sporangia

in equisetum gametophytes are?

gametophytes are saprophytic, monoecious, and cryptic (hidden underground)

Leptosporangiate ferns= ?

True ferns

what are the core leptosporangiates?

• Polypodiales (polypods)

• Cyantheales (tree ferns and allies)

• Salviniales (heterosporous ferns, water ferns)

Polypodiales=

polypods

Cyatheales=

tree ferns and allies

Salviniales=

heterosporous ferns, water ferns

Schizaeales=

schizaeaoid ferns

Gleicheniales=

gleichenioid ferns

Hymenophyllales=

filmy ferns

Osmundales=

osmundaceous ferns

referred to as rhizomes

Stems

Epiphytic species and terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping??

Stolons (ex: Polypodiaceae)

Leaf: megaphyll often referred to as a?

frond

• new leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called fiddlehead; uncurling of the leaf is termed circinate vernation

• vegetative frond

• functions mainly for photosynthesis

Trophophyll

• fertile frond

• produce spores borne in sporangia that are usually clustered to form sorus (sori)

• in most ferns, fertile fronds are morphologically very similar to the sterile ones, and they photosynthesize in the same way

Sporophyll

• underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from soil

• always fibrous and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants

roots

green, photosynthetic, one cell thick, heart shaped, 3-10 mm long and 2-8 mm broad

• produce gametes in structures called:

  • antheridia flagellated sperms

  • archegonia: single egg

Prothallus

• rootlike structures (not true roots)

• for absorption of water, minerals and salts; anchorage

Rhizoids

Polypodium vulgare

the greatest impact of seedless vascular plants on human life comes from their?

extinct progenitors

tall club mosses, horsetails, and tree-like ferns flourished in the swampy forests during this period

Carboniferous period

whats the result of the evolution of vascular tissues?

• with the evolution of vascular tissues, roots and leaves, these plants accelerated their rate of photosynthesis, dramatically increasing the removal of CO₂ in the atmosphere

• The drop in carbon dioxide levels caused global cooling that resulted in wide spread glacier formation

what forest gave rise to larger deposits of coal throughout the world

Carboniferous forest

• mined abundantly as primary source of energy during the Industrial revolution

Coal (fossil fuel)

• it contributed to rapids technological progress during the time

• it is also a major contributor to global warming

The importance of seedless vascular plants: ferns

• prevent soil erosion

• promote topsoil formation

• restore nitrogen to aquatic habitats by harboring cyanobacteria

• make good house plants

• have been used as food and for medical remedies

what fern is considered a delicacy?

Fern fiddlehead