chapter 6- cell structure & function

who coined the term “cell” and viewed thins sections of cork tissuing using a magnifying glass- it reminded him of rooms that monks in monasteries lived in

Robert Hooke

Who invented the first light microscope and viewed pond water and saw “animalcules”, small moving organisms that today are known as protists

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

developed from microscopic research from the mid 1700’s through the early 1900’s

The Cell Theory

the 3 parts of The cell theory

1) all organisms are comprised of cells

2) The cell is the basic unit of life (an organism’s success depends on its functioning properly)

3) all cells arise from preexisting ones (cells divide to give rise to new ones)

what uses a glass lens, light and have limited magnification (40x—>1000x)

light microscopes

what kind of microscope allows us to see small cells and cell structures, uses a magnetic lenses, a beam of electrons and has a great magnification (greater than 300,000x)

Electron microscopes - TEM, SEM

Transmission electron microscope and what is it used for

TEM- internal structures of ind. cells, used to view thin sections of individual cells

Scanning electron microscope and what is it used for

SEM- external structures of cells- used to view the external surface of individual cells

what cells are 1-10 micrometers (um) in size

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and cyanobacteria)

what cells are 10-100 micrometers (um) in size

Eukaryotic cells (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

what type of cell is the simple cell and has few cell structures- unbound DNA, Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, ribosomes, and flagella

prokaryotic cells

unbound DNA - prokaryotic

no nucleus, DNA sits in region of the cytoplasm (nucleoid region)

cytoplasm - prok.

the fluid of a cell

cell membrane - prokaryotic

phospholipid bilayer that regulates what moves in and out of a cell

cell wall - prokaryotic cell

of peptidoglycan for protection

capsule- prokaryotic

jelly-like coating with attached pili which are hair-like extensions for attachment

ribosomes - prokaryotic

tiny structures for protein synthesis

flagella - prokaryotic

long whip-like tails for movement

larger more complex cells, highly organized cells that contain numerous cellular structures or organelles

Eukaryotic cells

in a eukaryotic cells, some cell structures are covered by a double membrane covering called what?

an envelope

what are the eukaryotic cell structures that are covered by an envelope

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

Eukaryotic- protects the cell, provides shape and gives structural support

made of cellulose in algae and plants

made of chitin in slimes molds and fungi

absent in protozoans and animal cells

Cell Wall

Eukar-

• present in all cells

• regulates what moves in and out of cells

• provides a surface for chemical reaction

• thin (7.5-10 nm in thickness_

• generally described as a phospholipid bilayer

Cell (plasma) membrane

What are these cell structures components of in a eukaryotic cells?

• phospholipids

• integral proteins

• carbohydrates

• cholesterol

Cell (plasma) membrane

EUK- serves as a general barrier separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

phospholipids

EUK- for transport in the cell membrane

integral proteins

EUK - for receiving chemical signals in the cell membrane

peripheral proteins

EUK- used for attachment to other cells or to surfaces in the cell membrane

carbohydrates

EUK- holds the membrane together while promoting flexibility

cholesterol

the control center of the cell and holds the DNA

nucleus

the fluid in the nucleus

nucleoplasim

double membrane covering over nucleus

nuclear envelope

inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

nucleolus

both of these cell structures are found in all eukaryotic cells

nucleus and nucleolus

both of these structures are found in all cells

cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

EUK- fluid of a cell, contains water and any dissolved solutes

cytoplasm

EUK- protein matrix (network) running through the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

the 4 major cytoskeleton proteins

• microtubules

• microfilaments

• intermediate fibers

• microtrabeculaue

EUK- Cytoskeleton- hollow tubes of the protein tubulin, used in separating DNA during cell division

microtubules

EUK- Cytoskeleton- thin strips of the protein actin, used in moving substances through a cell’s cytoplasm

microfilaments

EUK- Cytoskeleton- consists of rope-like fibers of the protein keratin, protects a cell against stress and trauma

intermediate fibers

EUK- Cytoskeleton- consists of a dense network of fine, wispy proteins, anchors cell structures in the cytoplasm

consists of dense network of fine, wispy proteins, anchors cell structures in the cytoplasm

EUK- membrane bound sac for storage - can take up between 50-90% of a plant cell’s space

Vacuoles

• contractile

• fat

• central

type of vacuoles found in only protozoans, stores water and expels excess water

contractile vacuoles

type of vacuoles only found in animal cells and stores triglycerides

fat vacuoles

vacuoles found only in plant cells and stores water and starch

central vacuoles

EUK- the sits of cellular respiration, found in all EUK calls, ATP is usable energy for cells - “the powerhouse of the cell”

mitochondrion

mitochondria envelope can be found where

outer and inner membrane

fluid in the mitochondria

matrix

folds of the inner membrane

cristae

EUK- an organelle in a plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis which converts light energy into glucose

chloroplast

the chloroplast envelope can be found where

outer & inner membrane

what cell structure holds in eukaryotic cells holds the stroma, thylakoid disks, and granum?

the chloroplast

energy-rich fluid in the chloroplast

stroma

membranous disks covered by light trapping pigments in the chloroplasts

Thylakoid disks

a stack of thylakoid disks in the chloroplast

granum