BIO FE

Which organisms were likely the first forms of cellular life on Earth?

a. Eukaryotes

b. Prokaryotes

c. Fungi

d. Plants

Prokaryotes

Microbial mats are best described as:

a. Sedimentary rocks formed by evaporation

b. Multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes

c. Single-species bacterial lawns

d. Thin layers of fungal hyphae

Multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes

Stromatolites are:

a. Fossilized microbial mats that precipitate minerals

b. Hot spring chimneys

c. Modern photosynthetic algae

d. Rocks formed by cooling lava

Fossilized microbial mats that precipitate minerals

Cyanobacteria are living in the Stromatolites. They were crucial in Earth history because they:

a. Fixed nitrogen abiotically

b. Created the first eukaryotes c. Oxygenated the atmosphere via oxygenic photosynthesis

d. Eliminated ultraviolet radiation directly

Oxygenated the atmosphere via oxygenic photosynthesis

Extremophiles are organisms that:

a. Require extreme conditions to grow optimally b. Are exclusively eukaryotic c. Cannot form biofilms d. Only live in moderate environments

Require extreme conditions to grow optimally

Which location is hypersaline and supports halophilic prokaryotes?

a. Lake Superior b. Arctic Ocean surface c. Amazon River d. Shark Bay in Australia

Shark Bay in Australia

Why is culturing many prokaryotes difficult?

a. They lack DNA b. Over 99% have unknown specific growth requirements or are obligate intracellular/syntrophic c. They only grow at room temperature d. They cannot be seen with microscopes

Over 99% have unknown specific growth requirements or are obligate intracellular/syntrophic

The viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state refers to bacteria that:

a. Are dead b. Are dormant under stress and can resuscitate c. Are actively dividing in rich media d. Have lost their chromosomes

Are dormant under stress and can resuscitate

A biofilm is:

a. A fossil record of ancient bacteria

b. A planktonic bacterial culture

c. A surface-attached microbial community embedded in extracellular matrix

d. A colony grown on blood agar

A surface-attached microbial community embedded in extracellular matrix

One reason biofilm bacteria are harder to eradicate than free-living cells is that:

a. They lack cell walls

b. Their EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix impedes diffusion of antibiotics/disinfectants

c. They are always Gram-negative

d. They do not respire

Their EPS matrix impedes diffusion of antibiotics/disinfectants

A typical prokaryotic chromosome is:

a. Linear, multiple, in a nucleus

b. Circular, usually single, in the nucleoid

c. Circular, multiple, in mitochondria

d. Linear, multiple, in the nucleolus

Circular, usually single, in the nucleoid

Which structure enhances attachment and protection from dehydration in some bacteria?

a. Flagellum

b. Capsule

c. Ribosome

d. Endoplasmic reticulum

Capsule

Archaeal membrane lipids differ from bacterial lipids by having:

a. Branched carbon chains (isoprenoids) that ethers to glycerol.

b. Long singular carbon chains (fatty acids) that esters to glycerol

c. No hydrophobic region

d. Sterol-rich bilayers similar to animals

Branched carbon chains (isoprenoids) that ethers to glycerol.

Bacterial cell walls are composed primarily of:

a. Cellulose

b. Chitin

c. Peptidoglycan (murein)

d. Pseudopeptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan (murein)

Gram-negative bacteria stain which color after Gram staining?

a. Purple b. Green c. Blue d. Pink/red

Pink/red

Which component is found in Gram-negative bacteria but not in Gram-positive bacteria?

a. Teichoic acids b. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) c. Thick peptidoglycan d. Capsule

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which cell wall polymer anchors Gram-positive cell wall to the plasma membrane?

a. Lipopolysaccharide b. Lipoteichoic acid c. Porin d. Pseudopeptidoglycan

Lipoteichoic acid

Horizontal gene transfer by a bacteriophage that carries bacterial DNA is called:

a. Transformation b. Conjugation c. Transduction d. Binary fission

Transduction

Conjugation typically requires which structure?

a. Mating bridge (Sex pilus) b. Flagellar hook c. Capsule d. Endospore coat

Mating bridge (S3x pilus)

Which set lists major macronutrients required by prokaryotes?

a. C, H, O, N, P, S

b. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu

c. Se, As, Hg

d. Ni, Mo, Co

C, H, O, N, P, S

Phototrophs differ from chemotrophs in that phototrophs obtain energy from:

a. Organic compounds b. Inorganic chemicals c. Sunlight d. Fermentation only

Sunlight

A pathogen is best defined as a microorganism that:

a. Lives on the skin b. Causes disease in its host c. Is always a bacterium d. Cannot be transmitted

b. Causes disease in its host

An epidemic is:

a. Always present at low levels

b. only if the outbreak is Worldwide

c. High numbers in a population at the same time

d. A zoonotic only disease

High numbers in a population at the same time

The Black Death / The Black Pest was most likely caused by:

a. Vibrio cholerae

b. Yersinia pestis via fleas and pneumonic spread

c. MRSA

d. Influenza virus

Yersinia pestis via fleas and pneumonic spread

Which statement about foodborne disease is TRUE?

a. Now linked only to meat

b. Biofilms on produce/equipment contribute to outbreaks

c. Washing produce removes all pathogens

d. Only viruses cause outbreaks

Biofilms on produce/equipment contribute to outbreaks

Why is MRSA of particular concern?

a. It is a virus b. Resistant to many antibiotics; spreads in community and hospitals c. Cannot colonize skin d. Only mild disease

Resistant to many antibiotics; spreads in community and hospitals

A major driver of antibiotic resistance is:

a. Underuse in livestock

b. Low mutation rates

c. Imprudent overuse/misuse selecting resistant forms

d. Refusal of vaccines

Imprudent overuse/misuse selecting resistant forms

Zoonoses are diseases that:

a. Only infect humans b. Originate in animals but can infect humans c. Are caused only by viruses d. Are always endemic

Originate in animals but can infect humans

Biofilm infections are difficult to treat because:

a. Biofilms lack metabolism

b. They are only viral

c. They are always intracellular

d. Matrix and slow growth confer high antibiotic tolerance

Matrix and slow growth confer high antibiotic tolerance

BNF converts atmospheric N2 into:

a. Nitrite b. Nitrate c. Ammonia d. Nitrous oxide

Ammonia

In root nodules, oxygen is buffered by: a. Cytochrome c b. Hemocyanin c. Leghemoglobin d. Myoglobin

Leghemoglobin

Legume–rhizobia symbiosis provides:

a. Water conservation b. Natural nitrogen fertilization c. Inhibition of photosynthesis d. Leaf antibiotics

Natural nitrogen fertilization

Loss of gut microbiota after antibiotics can allow overgrowth of:

a. Clostridium difficile

b. E. coli O157:H7

c. Vibrio cholerae

d. M. tuberculosis

Clostridium difficile

Lactic acid bacteria in yogurt improve safety by:

a. Raising pH b. Lowering pH c. Adding antibiotics d. Removing water

Lowering pH

Using microbes to remove pollutants is: a. Bioremediation b. Pasteurization c. Sterilization d. Biomagnification

Bioremediation

A mercury-detoxifying genus mentioned is:

a. Alcanivorax b. Pseudomonas c. Nitrobacter d. Rhizobium

Pseudomonas

Oil-spill surfactant-producing marine bacterium:

a. Nitrosomonas b. Alcanivorax borkumensis c. Deinococcus radiodurans d. Halobacterium salinarum

Alcanivorax borkumensis

Early biotech foods include:

a. Cheese, bread, wine, beer, yogurt (types of fermentation) b. Steel, plastic, glass c. Antibiotics only d. Silicon chips

Cheese, bread, wine, beer, yogurt

The human microbiome benefits us by all EXCEPT:

a. Pathogen protection b. Digestive/vitamin roles c. Immune training

Causing disease

Which of the following was an advantage for plants moving to land?

a) Higher CO availability ₂ b) More competition for CO₂ c) Less sunlight d) Increased predation

Higher CO availability

What adaptation helps plants prevent desiccation?

a) Thin cuticle b) Lack of roots c) Swimming gametes d) Waxy leaves

Waxy leaves

Why did plants evolve structural support on land?

a) To store water b) To increase photosynthesis c) Because water no longer provided buoyancy d) To avoid predators

Because water no longer provided buoyancy

Which of these is NOT an adaptation to terrestrial life?

a) Thick cuticle b) Swimming sperm c) Seeds d) Pollen

Swimming sperm

In a haplontic life cycle, the dominant stage is:

a) Diploid sporophyte b) Haploid gametophyte c) Both equally dominant d) Triploid hybrid

Haploid gametophyte

Which organism shows a diplontic life cycle?

a) Moss b) Fern c) Homo sapiens d) Green algae

Homo sapiens

Alternation of generations refers to:

a) Switching between sexual and asexual reproduction

b) Alternating between haploid gametes and diploid zygotes

c) Alternating between gametes and spores only

d) Haploid and diploid are both dominant, they are multicellular

Haploid and diploid are both dominant, they are multicellular.

In mosses, the main plant body is:

a) Diploid sporophyte

b) Haploid gametophyte

c) Triploid hybrid

d) Polyploid sporophyte

Haploid gametophyte

In angiosperms, the visible plant is:

a) Sporophyte

b) Gametophyte

c) Zygote

d) Spore

Sporophyte

Which group shows increasing sporophyte independence? a) Mosses b) Ferns c) Algae d) Fungi

Ferns

Why is diploidy advantageous?

a) Reduces genetic variation

b) Masks deleterious alleles

c) Prevents polyploidy

d) Eliminates mutations

Masks deleterious alleles

Which feature is associated with seed plants?

a) Large gametophyte b) Swimming sperm c) Reduced gametophyte d) No alternation of generations

Reduced gametophyte

Which of these is a major driver of complexity in plants?

a) Haploidy b) Gene duplication c) Gametophyte dominance d) Lack of polyploidy

Gene duplication

Polyploidy means:

a) Two sets of chromosomes

b) One set of chromosomes

c) More than two sets of chromosomes

d) No chromosomes

More than two sets of chromosomes

Which is an example of an allopolyploid crop?

a) Wheat b) Arabidopsis c) Moss d) Fern

Wheat

What causes hybrid sterility?

a) Perfect chromosome pairing

b) Chromosome mismatch after fertilization

c) Excess pollen

d) Lack of gametangia

Chromosome mismatch after fertilization

Chromosome doubling restores fertility because:

a) It reduces chromosome number

b) It prevents polyploidy

c) It eliminates gametes

d) It creates homologous pairs for meiosis

It creates homologous pairs for meiosis

Why is polyploidy common in plants?

a) Plants have strict species recognition

b) Plants avoid genome duplication

c) Plants cannot hybridize

d) Plants lack centralized species recognition

Plants lack centralized species recognition

Which crop is octoploid?

a) Wheat

b) Strawberry

c) Cotton

d) Tobacco

Strawberry

Which process can instantly create a new species?

a) Mutation b) Polyploidy c) Self-pollination d) Spore formation

Polyploidy

Perfect flowers have:

a) Only stamens

b) Only carpels

c) Both stamens and carpels

d) No reproductive organs

Both stamens and carpels

Which structure becomes fruit after fertilization?

a) Ovule

b) Ovary

c) Stigma

d) Sepal

Ovary

Which part of the flower produces pollen? a) Carpel b) Stamen c) Ovary d) Style

Stamen

What protects seeds and aids dispersal?

a) Flower b) Leaf c) Fruit d) Stem

Fruit

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of animals?

a) Multicellularity b) Heterotrophy c) Active movement d) Presence of rigid cell walls

Presence of rigid cell walls

What structural protein holds animal cells together?

a) Keratin b) Collagen c) Cellulose d) Chitin

Collagen

Which junction prevents leakage of fluids between cells?

a) Gap junction b) Desmosome c) Tight junction d) Adherens junction

Tight junction

Which junction allows direct communication between animal cells?

a) Gap junction b) Tight junction c) Desmosome d) Adherens junction

Gap junction

Which tissue type is unique to animals for movement?

a) Muscle and nervous b) Epithelial and connective c) Vascular and dermal d) Cartilage and bone

Muscle and nervous

Flying is unique to which kingdom?

a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) Protists

Animals

Sponges lack which feature?

a) Cells b) Proteins c) DNA d) Tissues

Tissues

Which of these animals is sessile?

a) Oyster b) Bird c) Fish d) Frog

Oyster

Which of these is NOT a type of cell junction in animals?

a) Gap junction

b) Desmosome

c) Tight junction

d) Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

Which of the following is a heterotroph?

a) Oak tree b) Algae c) Cat d) Cyanobacteria

Cat

Which phylum includes organisms with stinging cells?

a) Porifera (Sponges)

b) Cnidaria (Jellyfish)

c) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

d) Rotifera (Wheel animals)

Cnidaria (Jellyfish)

Which phylum includes sponges?

a) Cnidaria b) Porifera c) Annelida d) Mollusca

Porifera

Which phylum includes flatworms?

a) Platyhelminthes

b) Nematoda

c) Rotifera

d) Annelida

Platyhelminthes

Which phylum includes microscopic animals?

a) Rotifera

b) Nematoda

c) Cnidaria

d) Mollusca

Rotifera

Which phylum includes roundworms?

a) Annelida b) Nematoda c) Platyhelminthes d) Arthropoda

Nematoda

Which phylum includes insects?

a) Arthropoda b) Mollusca c) Echinodermata d) Chordata

Arthropoda

Which phylum includes sea stars?

a) Echinodermata b) Cnidaria c) Mollusca d) Chordata

Echinodermata

Which phylum includes Octopus?

a) Mollusca b) Arthropoda c) Cnidaria d) Chordata

Mollusca

Which phylum includes mammals?

a) Mollusca b) Arthropoda c) Echinodermata d) Chordata

Chordata

Which type of symmetry do jellyfish exhibit?

a) Bilateral b) Spiral c) Asymmetrical d) Radial

Radial

Flatworms exhibit which type of symmetry?

a) Radial b) Bilateral c) Asymmetrical d) Non

Bilateral

Which group has no true tissues?

a) Cnidaria b) Porifera c) Platyhelminthes d) Nematoda

Porifera

Which group has an exoskeleton made of chitin?

a) Mollusca b) Arthropoda c) Echinodermata d) Chordata

Arthropoda

Animal eggs are generally:

a) Smaller than sperm b) Same size as sperm c) Larger than sperm d) Motile

Larger than sperm

What is the first stage after fertilization in animals?

a) Gastrula b) Blastula c) Larva d) Zygote

Zygote

Which stage involves inward folding to form a hollow sac? a) Blastula b) Gastrula c) Larva d) Neurula

Gastrula

Which germ layer forms muscles and bones?

a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Exoderm

Mesoderm

Which germ layer forms the nervous system?

a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Neural crest

Ectoderm

Which germ layer lines internal organs?

a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Neural crest

Endoderm

What is the process of forming the neural tube called?

a) Gastrulation b) Neurulation c) Organogenesis d) Cleavage

Neurulation

The common ancestor of animals was probably:

a) A single-celled protist

b) A colonial protist

c) A sponge

d) An alga

A colonial protist

Choanoflagellates are:

a) Plants b) Colonial protists c) Animals d) Fung

Colonial protists

Which kingdom includes animals?

a) Plantae b) Fungi c) Opisthokonta d) Protista

Opisthokonta

Which group is entirely terrestrial?

a) Arthropoda b) Onychophora c) Mollusca d) Chordata

Onychophora

Which three phyla dominate marine and terrestrial life?

a) Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes

b) Echinodermata, Mollusca, Arthropoda

c) Nematoda, Rotifera, Annelida

d) Arthropoda, Mollusca, Chordata

Arthropoda, Mollusca, Chordata

Which feature evolved for active movement?

a) Rigid cell walls

b) Muscle and nerve tissue

c) Photosynthesis

d) Sessile lifestyle

Muscle and nerve tissue

Animals are:

a) Photoautotrophs

b) Chemoheterotrophs

c) Chemoautotrophs

d) Photoheterotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs