Self assement 1914-present

Georges Clemenceau

French leader at the Paris Peace Conference (1919) who pushed for harsh punishment of Germany and heavy reparations in the Treaty of Versailles.

Vittorio Orlando

Italian representative at the Versailles Conference who sought territorial gains promised in the Treaty of London but felt disappointed.

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister during WWI who aimed to strike a balance between punishing Germany and preventing future conflicts.

Virginia Woolf

Leading modernist author known for her exploration of stream-of-consciousness writing and themes of gender and identity.

Franz Kafka

Author known for surreal and anxious narratives, particularly focusing on themes of bureaucracy and alienation.

Erich Maria Remarque

Author of 'All Quiet on the Western Front,' a novel depicting the trauma of WWI soldiers.

Simone de Beauvoir

Key feminist figure who authored 'The Second Sex,' discussing women's roles as socially constructed.

Enrico Fermi

Nobel Prize-winning physicist who contributed to the development of atomic weapons through his work on the Manhattan Project.

Martin Niemöller

A former Hitler supporter who became an opponent of the Nazis, known for his quote on oppression.

Pope John Paul II

Played a crucial role in undermining communism in Eastern Europe, especially through support for Solidarity in Poland.

European Coal and Steel Community

Established in 1951, it aimed to place coal and steel industries under shared control to foster peace in Europe.

COMECON

Soviet-led organization coordinating trade among communist states, responding to Western economic systems.

EEC (European Economic Community)

Initiated to create free trade and economic integration, leading to the establishment of the European Union.

Maastricht Treaty

Agreement that formed the foundation for the EU, introducing EU citizenship and steps toward economic union.

The Euro

Shared currency used by many EU countries, aimed at enhancing trade and economic stability.

Green Parties

Political groups in Europe focused on sustainability, environmental protection, and social justice.

Civil Rights (Gay and Lesbian rights in Europe)

Post-1960s movement advocating for decriminalization of homosexuality and legal equality for LGBTQ+ individuals.

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative UK leader known for privatization, free-market policies, and staunch opposition to Soviet communism.