ACE Chapter Notes

Nutrition Scope of Practice

Instructors can provide government guidelines or factual nutrient information but must not give individualized recommendations or meal planning.

Scope of Practice

Defines the legal range of services, settings for service provision, and guidelines for professionals in a field.

Core Communication Skills

OARS: Open-ended questions, Affirmation, Reflective Listening, Summarizing.

Self-Efficacy

The belief in one’s perceived ability to successfully achieve a particular goal or perform a specific task.

Health Belief Model

Predicts behavior based on perceived threat and pros and cons of changing, influenced by perceived seriousness and susceptibility.

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

Comprises 5 stages of change, 10 processes of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance.

Open Kinetic Chain Exercise

Exercises where the end of the chain farthest from the body is free to move (e.g., leg extensions).

Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise

Exercises where the end of the chain farthest from the body is fixed (e.g., squats).

Agonist vs Antagonist

Agonist is the muscle responsible for the movement, while Antagonist works in opposition.

HIPAA Law

Law designed to provide privacy standards to protect patients' medical records and other health information.

RRAMP Approach

An acronym for strategies: Respect, Recognition, Alignment, Mistakes, Participant.

15-15 Rule (Diabetes Management)

If blood sugar is 100 mg/dl or lower, take 15-20 grams of carbohydrate and recheck after 15 minutes.

Heat Exhaustion vs Heat Stroke

Heat Exhaustion includes profuse sweating; Heat Stroke features stop sweating and requires EMS.

Joint Stability

The ability to maintain or control joint movement or position, involving muscles, ligaments, and neuromuscular system.

Joint Mobility

The range of uninhibited movement around a joint or body segment.

Flexion

When the angle between two bones decreases.

Extension

When the angle between two bones increases.

Hyperextension

When a limb is extended beyond its normal range of motion.

Functional Training Phase

Focuses on establishing or reestablishing postural stability and kinetic chain mobility.

Cognitive Domain

Involves the brain's ability to gather, retain, apply, and evaluate information and knowledge.

Affective Domain

Involves emotional behaviors, beliefs, values, and attitudes.

Psychomotor Domain

Activities requiring motor skill utilization and coordination.

Muscular Strength vs Muscular Endurance

Muscular Strength refers to the maximum force exerted in a single effort; Muscular Endurance refers to the ability to sustain repeated contractions.

Registration

Either the professional designation defined by a governmental entity in professional regulations or rules, or to a listing, or registry, of practitioners who meet designated standards

Factors that influencer adherence:

• Personal Attributes (demographics, health status, physical-activity history, psychological traits, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs) 

• Environmental Factors: (access to facilities, time, social support) 

• Physical-activity factors: (intensity and injury)Core

Core Communications Skills

Open ended questions, affirmation, reflective listening, summarizing

Health Belief Model threats are influenced by:

perceived seriousness and perceived susceptibility

5 stages of change in the transtheoretical model of behavior change:

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Decisional Balance

the number of pros and cons perceived about adopting and/or maintaining an activity program

Self-determination Theory

different types of motivation influence the extent to which a person will seek out new activities and persevere at a given task. 

RRAMP approach

respect, recognition, alignment, mistakes, participant

Glenohumeral (mobility or stability)

mobility

Scapulothoracic (mobility or stability)

stability

Thoracic spine (mobility or stability)

mobility

Lumbar Spine (mobility or stability)

stability

Hip (mobility or stability)

mobility

Knee (mobility or stability)

stability

Ankle (mobility or stability)

mobility

Foot (mobility or stability)

Stability

Open chain exercises

bench press, shoulder press, bicep curl, leg extension

Closed chain exercises

squat, deadlift, push-up, pull-up

Three planes of movement

Transverse, Frontal, Saggital

What type of movements are in the frontal plane?

Side-to-side movement

What type of movements are in the Sagittal plane?

forward and backward movements

Anatomical Cues

stating specific parts of the body and how they should be in correct form or in use when instructing 

Agonist Muscle

 the muscle responsible for the observed movement

Antagonist Muscle

the muscle that works in opposition of the agonist He

Health-related components of physical fitness:

cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Skill-related components of physical fitness:

agility, balance, power, reaction time, and speed

What are the principles of training?

Specificity, overload, and reversibility

Specificity

physiological changes are highly specific to types of activities performed

Overload

regularly increasing demands placed on the body

Reversibility

declines in fitness resulting from a lack of physical activity

What are the types of training?

Muscular and Cardiorespiratory

What are the 3 phases of muscular training?

Functional, Movement, Load/Speed

Functional Training

This phase is focused on establishing, or reestablishing, postural stability and kinetic chain mobility

Movement Training

This phase focuses on developing good movement patterns without compromising postural or joint stability.

Load/Speed Training

This phase focuses on applying external loads to movements that create a need for increased force production that results in muscular adaptations.

What are the 3 phases of cardiorespiratory training?

Base, Fitness, and Performance

Base Training

This phase focuses on developing an initial aerobic base, through positive exercise experiences, in individuals who have been insufficiently active.

Fitness Training

This phase focuses on enhancing the individual’s aerobic efficiency by progressing the program through increased duration of sessions, increased frequency of sessions when possible, and the integration of more intense exercise.

Performance Training

This phase is for individuals who have goals that are focused on success in endurance sports and events and on outcomes such as increased speed, power, and endurance.

For GFIs, using a 0 to 10 scale is easier for participants an appropriate range for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness within the 0 to 10 scale is:

3 to 6

What is a systematic class design?

determining beforehand the following aspects of class improves the experience for both participants and instructor. (class purpose, objectives, warm-up, moves, condition, cool-down) 

Comprehensive Class Design

the principle of balance applies to group exercise in two ways: neuromuscular and programming 

Neuromuscular Balance

ability to stand on one leg, stand equally on both feet, raise one arm or one leg, maintaining pelvic and spinal posture, exercises on unstable surface

Programming Balance

training entire body, performing movement patterns left or right, balance training 

What are the 3 domains of learning?

Psychomotor, Affective, Cognitive

Cognitive Domain

the brain’s ability to gather, retain, apply and evaluate information and knowledge (counting out movements, remembering patterns of choreography)

Affective Domain

emotional behaviors, beliefs, values, and attitudes

Psychomotor Domain

physical, those activities requiring the utilization and coordination of motor skills. 

What are the three stages of learning?

Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous

cognitive stage of learning

slow and inconsistent movements, errors are common, frequent instructional and corrective feedback needed.

Associative stage of learning

movements are fluid and efficient, less cognitive activity required, errors are less common, people are able to make corrections with feedback. 

autonomous stage of learning

movements are consistent and accurate, little/no cognitive activity required, few errors, minimal feedback required. 

What are the 3 types of participant learning styles?

Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic

When educating, what is the Tripe F?

Form, Function, Fit (target muscles)

Coaching-based teaching

music beats not used, participants move at their own pace, instructor acts as coach and demonstrates movements before helping, not choreographed, and practice style. 

Practice style of teaching

provides opportunities for individualization and 1 on 1 feedback 

Self-check

relies on participants to provide their own feedback, equipment-based, participants perform a given task then view results. 

What is the biggest difference between Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke?

you are profusely sweating with Heat Exhaustion and you stop sweating with Heat Stroke

What is hypertension?

Systolic blood pressure (over 130/80 mmhg)

What is the normal range of blood pressure?

<120 and <80 

What is the range of elevated blood pressure?

120-129 and <80

What is the range for Hypertension Stage 1?

 130-139 and

What is the range for Hypertension Stage 2?

>140 and <90

You're hosting a group fitness exam for adults. What is the most appropriate exercise for them?

RESISTANCE TRAINING because it increases bone density