psych lecture 4

health disparities

gaps in health or health care between groups

diabetes- thrifty gene effect

indigenous ppl were genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes via foodways of ancestors

why diabetes among first nations

less access to healthy food and health care

lower consumption of traditional foods, less physical activity due to historical changes in way of life

poverty and low education

socioeconomic gradient in health

rungs up the income ladder

what factors cuase greater stress for those at bottom raank?

lower control, reduced predictability, fewer resources due to smaller paycheque

biological embedding model

childhood adversity gets programmed into teh immune system through multiple mechanisms including epigenetics

key factros to consider in link between income and health

social status, individual income, reverse association ( poor health interferes with an individuals ability to secure and maintain enployment), social cohesion (income inequality leads to decrease in social bonds that exist in society, aggravating problems.) social disinvestment (in lower income neighbourhoods fewer health promoting resources are invested in the social and physical environemnt)

primary mechanisms of social inequality having neg impact

heightened levels of competition in society, social evaluation anxiety

minority stress model

stigma prejudice and discrimination create a hostile social environment. leads to increased stress for minorities and increased incidence of disease and illness

intersectionality

refers to ways in which diff forms of discrimination and oppression interact to shape experiences

institutional racism can… and personal experiences of racism can…

institutional: can limit resources and opportunities

personal: increase stress over time

factors in resilience in trans youth

personal mastery, social support, emotional coping

diadic coping

partners work together, recognizing their interdependence in dealing with a stressor, as when two partners or spouses collaborate in trying to manage household finances when money is tight

proactive coping

Efforts taken that prevent or minimize stress are called proactive coping, and they typically use problem-focused methods (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010) such as setting and striving toward goals and actively seeking social support

progressive muscle relaxation

progressive muscle relaxation (or just progressive relaxation), in which they focus their attention on specific muscle groups while alternately tightening and relaxing these muscles (Sarafino, 2012).

systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization, a useful method for reducing fear and anxiety (Sarafino, 2012). This method is based on the view that fears are learned by classical conditioning—that is, by associating a situation or object with an unpleasant event. This can happen, for example, if a person associates visits to the dentist with pain, thereby becoming “sensitized” to dentists. Desensitization is a classical conditioning procedure that reverses this learning by pairing the feared object or situation with either pleasant or neutral events

Cognitive restructuring

Cognitive restructuring is a process by which stress-provoking thoughts or beliefs are replaced with more constructive or realistic ones that reduce the person’s appraisal of threat or harm.

cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapy attempts to help clients see that they are not responsible for all of the problems they encounter, the negative events they experience are usually not catastrophes, and their maladaptive beliefs are not logically valid.