Cell Transport/Cells

Cell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

Prokaryotes

-Cells that do not contain a nucleus

-Do not contain membrane bound organelles

- Small and simple

- Have genetic material

-Carry out every activity of living things

-ex:bacteria

Eukaryotes

-Cells that contain a nucleus

-Generally larger and more complex

-Have membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell structure

-Organelles¨little organs¨ : Tiny structures with specific jobs, Specialized just like your organs

Cytoplasm

Jelly like or fluid filled, supports the organelles, space between the nucleus and cell membrane

Nucleus

-Plant and animal

-contains nearly all the cells DNA: Instruction to build proteins

-Surrounded by nuclear envelope

Nuclear pores

-Allows larger sized substances to move in and out of the nucleus

Chromatin

-DNA bound to protein

-spread throughout the nucleus when cell is not dividing

Chromosomes

-Condensed DNA during cell division

Nucleolus

-Assembly of ribosomes begin

Ribosomes

-Site of protein synthesis

-get protein making coded instructions from nucleus

-Very small organelle

-Free floating in cytoplasm

-Form bumps on Rough ER

ER

-Transports materials through cell

-Moves molecules from one part of cell to another

-Series of tubules and sacs

-Connects the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane

Rough ER

-Is studded with chromosomes

-Process proteins to exported from the cell

Smooth ER

-Does not have ribosomes : processes lipids and carbs

Golgi Apparatus

-modify,sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER

-Materials will either be stored or exported out of the cell

Lysosomes

-Small organelles filled with enzymes

-Used for digestion, or breakdown of lipids,carbs, and proteins into small molecules that cell can use

-formed from pieces of golgi that break off

Mitochondria

-Relativly large organelles

-¨Powerhouse¨ of the cell

-Convert chemical energy in food into compounds that cell can use

-Usally more abundant cells that require more energy like muscle cells

Cytoskeleton

-Mantains the 3-D shape of the cell

-Helps cell move

-Made up of long strands of protein

-Microtubules are part of the cytoskeletion, form cilia, and flagella, both used for support movement

Centrioles

-Not found in plant cells

-Located near the nucleus, have paired bundles of cylinders

-Groups of microtubules

-Help organize cell division:Help organize the spindle fibers and seperate chromosome

Cell Membrane

-Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

-Provides protection and support

-Made of a phospholipid bi-layer-proteins, carbs and lipids

Only plants have these organelles

-Cell Wall

-Central Vacuole

-Chloroplast

Cell Wall

-Provides support and protection for plant cell

-It does not replace the cell membrane

-Plants with cell walls also have a cell membrane

Vacuoles

-Can take up to 90% of plant cell

-Large vacuole causes pressure that helps plants support plant structures

-Serves as a storage area

-Animals cells have small vacuoles

Chloroplast

-organelles that capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy

-Converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars

-Photosynthesis

-Contains chlorophyll: Green pigment that absorbs light

Cellular Transport

Process by which materials enter and leave the cell.

Passive transport

No Cellular energy used

-Diffusion

-Osmosis

Diffusion

-Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

-Due to random movement of molecules

Concentraction

-Number of molecules in a solution

Osmosis

-Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

-Hypertonic solution

-Hypotonic solution

-Isotonic solution

Hypertonic solution

-High solute concentracion outside of cell causes water to diffuse out of cell

Key word:¨Hyper¨- Over, above, excessive

-Water will leave the cell

-Cell will shrink

Hypotonic solution

-High solute concentration inside of cell causes water to diffuse into cell

Key word:¨Hypo¨-Under, beneth, less than

-Water will enter cell

-Cell will swell up

Isotonic solution

-Concentration of solute is same on both sides of membranes

Key word:¨iso¨- equal, same

-Water will enter and leave

-Cell will stay the same

Facililated Diffusion

-Uses carrier protein to move materials across the cell membrane

-High to Low

Active Transport

-Uses cellular energy to move materials across the cell membrane against concentration gradient

-Low to High

-Using ATP from mitochondria

ex:Protein Pump

1.Protein Pump

-Proteins embedded in the cell membrane helps move ions and small molecules

ex:Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Na+=Sodium, K+=Potassium

-Moves three NA ions out and two K ions into cell

2.Endocytosis

-Movement of substances into cell by vacuoles

Key Word:¨Endo¨-inside

• Phagocytosis: Taking in large particles for food; blood cells consuming bacteria

• Pinocytosis: Taking in water by using vacuoles

Exocytosis

Movement of substances out of cell by vacuoles

Key Word: ¨exo¨- inside

Selectively Permeable

Some things can pass through but others cant : so that cell can be filtered out and isotonic.

Lipid Bilayer

Gives membrane flexible structure that forms strong barrier between cell and surrondings

Hydrophobic

Water hating molecules: Hydrophobic tails

Hydrophilic

Water loving molecules: Hydrophilic heads

Why lipids ¨Self assemble¨

Ampithatic nature, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic

Equilibrium

Concentration of substance on both sides of membrane one equal