Repro Physio Review

Hypothalamus

Where is GnRH produced?

Anterior pituitary

Where are LH, FSH, and prolactin produced?

Gonads

Where are estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, inhibin, and relaxin produced?

Uterus

Where is PGF2alpha produced?

Placenta

Where are estrogen, progesterone, eCG, hCG, and relaxin produced?

Hormone-receptor binding, G-protein activation, adenylate cyclase activation, protein kinase activation, synthesis of new products

Steps of protein hormone action

Steroid transport, movement through the cell membrane and cytoplasm, binding of steroid to nuclear receptor, mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis

Steps of steroid hormone action

Surge center, tonic center

Which center(s) does the female hypothalamus have?

Tonic center

Which center(s) does the male hypothalamus have?

Amplitude, frequency

• Before puberty in the female and male

  • GnRH neurons in both the tonic center and the surge center of the hypothalamus release low ___ and low ___ pulses of GnRH

Tonic center, increases, surge center

• After puberty in the female only

  • The ___ controls basal levels of GnRH, but they are higher than in the prepubertal female because the pulse frequency ___.

  • The ___ controls the preovulatory surge of GnRH

  • The male does not develop a surge center.

High-amplitude, basal, testosterone

• LH secretory pattern

  • Females have ___ preovulatory episodes of LH once every several weeks and ___ pulsatile episodes between the large preovulatory surges.

  • Males have small LH episodes that occur every 2 to 6 hours. ___ is secreted soon after each LH episode.

Cows, queens, pigs, rodents

Which species are polyestrous?

Mares

Which species are seasonally polyestrous (long-day)?

• Spring breeding season

Ewes, does (deer), elk, nannies (goats)

Which species are seasonally polyestrous (short-day)?

• Autumn breeding season

Seasonally polyestrous

Multiple estrous cycles during only certain times of the year

Dogs, wolves, foxes, bears

Which species are monoestrous?

Anestrus (5 months), proestrus (9 days), estrus (9 days), diestrus (2 months)

Phases of estrous cycle in female dog in order with their approximate lengths, beginning with anestrus

Diestrus

Which phase(s) of the cycle make up the luteal phase in the female dog?