Radiographic Procedures - TERMINOLOGY AND POSITIONING

Chapter 1

The study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the human body?

Anatomy

The processes and functions of the body, or how the body parts work

Physiology

What is the lowest structural level of organization in the body?

the Chemical level

List the body’s structural organization in order

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

System

Organism

What is The basic structural and functional unit of all living tissue

Cells

Cohesive groups of similar cells that perform a specific function

Tissues

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

Tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and organs

Epithelial

Supportive tissues that bind together and suppor various structures

Connective Tissue

How many body systems are there?

10

Name the body systems

Integumentary, Circulatory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous

Approx. how many bones are in the human body?

206

What is osteology?

the study of bones

What is arthrology?

the study of joints

What are the 4 functions of the skeletal system?

Support and protect soft tissues

Allow movement

Produce blood cells

Store calcium

What are the 6 functions of the Circulatory system?

Distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the body

Transport cell waste and carbon dioxide from the cells

Transport water, electrolytes, hormones and enzymes

Protect against disease

Present hemorrhage by forming blood clots

Assist in regulating body temperature

What are the 2 functions of the digestive system?

Prepare food for absorption

Eliminate solid waste from the body

What are the 3 primary functions of the respiratory system?

Supply oxygen to the blood and cells

Eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood

Assist in regulating the acid-base balance of the blood

What are the 4 functions of the urinary system?

Regulate chemical composition of the blood

Eliminate waste products

Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume

Maintain the acid-base balance of the body

Name 3 types of muscle. Are they voluntary or involuntary?

Skeletal - voluntary (allow body movement)

Smooth - involuntary (stomach and intestine)

Cardiac - involuntary (walls of the heart)

How many bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

80

What is the axial skeleton?

Bones that lie on or near the axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, thorax)

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the shoulder and pelvic girdles

What are sesamoid bones?

small, oval shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons (most often near joints)

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

2 patellae (in the knee)

What are the 4 classifications of bones?

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

What do long bones consist of?

a body and 2 ends (extremities)

Where are long bones found?

only in the appendicular skeleton

What is the outer shell of bone comprised of hard or dense tissue?

Compact Bone or cortex

What is a function of compact bone?

to support and protect the entire bone

Why does the body of a long bone contain a thicker layer of compact bone?

to help resist the stress of the weight placed on them

What is found inside the shell of compact bone and at both ends of each long bone?

Spongy, or Cancellous bone

Which part of the bone contains red bone marrow?

Spongy, cancellous bone

Which part of the bone contains yellow bone marrow?

Medullary cavity (hollow body of the long bone)

What is the dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at the articulating surfaces?

Periosteum

What are the articulating surfaces of bone covered by?

Hyaline Cartilage / Articular cartilage

Why is the periosteum important?

Essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition

Give 2 examples of short bones?

Carpal bones of the wrist

Tarsal bones of the foot

Describe a short bone

Roughly cuboidal, found only in the wrist and ankles, consist mainly of cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone.

What is the purpose of a flat bone?

Provide protection for interior contents and broad surfaces for muscle attachment

What type of bone consist of 2 plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow in between them?

Flat bones

What are some examples of flat bones?

bones that make up the calvaria (skull cap

sternum,

ribs,

scapulae

What is an irregular bone?

Bones that have a peculiar shape

Give examples of irregular bones

Vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, bones of the pelvis

What is ossification?

The process by which bones form within the body

Where are red blood cells (RBCs) produced?

by the red bone marrow of certain flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis

Name and describe 2 types of bone formation

Intramembranous - when bone replaces membranes

Endochondral - when bone replaces cartilage

Which type of ossification is faster and where do they occur?

Intramembranous - occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as sutures of the flat bones of the calvaria (skullcap)

Endochondral - occurs mush slower in most parts of the skeleton, especially in long bones

What is the primary center of ossification in growing bones called?

Diaphysis —>becomes the body in long bones, most appear before birth

What is the secondary center of ossification called?

Epiphysis —> appear after birth, near the ends of the limbs in long bones

What are epiphyseal plates?

Cartilaginous plates found between the metaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete

What is the metaphysis?

The wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate where bone growth in length occurs

How long is the process of epiphysial fusion of the long bone?

From the age of puberty to full maturity (around 20-25yo)

What is the largest organ of the body

The skin

What are the Functional classification of joints?

Synarthrosis - immovable

Amphiarthrosis - limited movement

Diarthrosis - freely moveable

What are the Structural classification of joints?

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints?

Syndesmoses

Suture

Gomphosis

What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous joints?

Symphysis

Synchondrosis

True or False: Fibrous and Cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity

True

What are some essential features of a symphyses joints?

The presence of a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony structures

Capable of being compressed or displaced, allowing some movement of these bones

amphiarthroidial (slightly moveable

Give an example of a Symphyses joint?

Intervertebral disks (between bodies of the vertebrae, between the upper portion of the manubrium and body of the sternum, and the symphysis pubis (between the 2 pubic bones of the pelvis)

Where are gomphoses joints found?

Between the roots of the teeth and the alveolar sockets of the mandible and maxilla

What are features of Synchondroses joints?

A temporary form of joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage is converted into bone at adulthood.

Synarthrodial - immovable

A freely, moveable joint characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid

Synovial Joint

True or False: Synovial joints lack a joint cavity

False - they contain a joint space that allows for a wide range of movement

How are synovial joints classified?

Diarthrodial, or freely moveable

True or False: The sacroiliac joints of the pelvis are diarthrodial

False - amphiarthrodial, slightly moveable

List the 7 types of movement synovial joints permit

Plane (gliding)

Ginglymus (hinge)

Pivot (trochoid)

Ellipsoid (condylar)

Saddle (sellar)

Ball and Socket (spheroidal)

Bicondylar

Which type of joint permits the least movement

Plane (gliding) joints

Intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal and intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist along with atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2 provide what type of joint movement?

Plane (gliding)

Which type of joint permits flexion and extension movements only?

Ginglymus (hinge) joints

What are some examples of Ginglymus (hinge) joints

interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes

Elbow joint

Which type of joint allows rotational movement around a single axis?

Pivot (trochoid) joints

True or False: the proximal and distal radioulnar joints of the forearm and the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae are considered saddle joints

False: these are examples of Pivot (trochoid) joints

Which type of joint allows primarily four directional movements?

Ellipsoid (condylar) joints

What are the 5 directional movements of Ellipsoid (condylar) joints and Saddle (sellar) joints?

Flexion and Extension

Abduction and Adduction

Circumduction

Which type of joint has concave-convex bones that are positioned opposite each other?

Saddle (sellar) joints

True or False: The first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a Saddle (sellar) joint

True

A spheroidal joint that allows for the greatest freedom of movement is called

Ball - and- socket joint (spheroidal)

True or False: The humerus is a good example of a ginglymus (hinge) joint

False: Ball and Socket (spheroidal) Joint

True or False: The greater the depth of the socket, the more limitied is the movement

True: The deeper joint is stronger and more stable

What type of movement do Ball and Socket (spheroidal) joints include?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation

Give 2 examples of a ball - and - socket joint

Hip joint

Shoulder joint

Which type of joint provides movement in a single axis, but permits limited rotation?

Bicondylar joints

Give 2 examples of bicondylar joints

Knee

Temporomandibular joint

Distal tibiofibular, sacroiliac, carpal and tarsal joints are classified as

Fibrous joints that are amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable)

The build, physique and general shape of the human body is called

Body Habitus

What are the 4 types of body habitus and what % of the population is in each?

Asthenic - 10 %

Hyposthenic - 35 %

Sthenic - 50 %

Hypersthenic - 5%

How do physicians describe overweight or obese patients?

Bariatric

What measurement defines weight / height and is the metric to classify obesity?

BMI (body mass index)

In which body habitus would the radiographer place the IR in a landscape alignment in a chest radiograph? Why?

Landscape - because the lungs are generally shorter in length and broader in width

An image of a patients anatomic part(s), as produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor

Radiograph

What are 2 things the term radiograph refers to?

The recording medium and the image

The process and procedures of producing a radiograph is called

Radiography

True or False: The device that responds to the ionizing radiation to create the radiographic image after it exits the patient is referred to as the central ray

False: The image receptor

Refers to the centermost portion of the x-ray beam mitted from the x-ray tube; the portion of the x-ray beam that has the least divergence is called

The Central Ray (CR)

List the 5 general functions a radiographic examination involves

Positioning of body part and alignment of the IR and CR

Application of radiation protection measures and devices

Selection of exposure factors

Instructions to the patient related to respiration and initiation of the x-ray exposure

Processing of the IR or digital processing systems

What is the anatomic position?

An upright position with arms abducted slightly, hands by sides with palms forward, and head and feet together and directed straight forward

What are the 4 common planes used in medical imaging?

Sagittal

Coronal

Transverse (horizontal)

Oblique