CCMA Body Systems and Organs (Chapters 1-15)

anatomical position

standard reference position used when describing the body

supine

lying flat on back, face upward

prone

lying flat on stomach, face downward

dorsal recumbant

lying on the back with knees bent and feet flat on the floor.

common for pelvic/urinary exams

fowler position

sitting upright with back at a 90º angle

common for respiratory distress/post-surgical recovery

semi-fowler position

sitting with the back at about a 45° angle

common for comfort and easier breathing

dextrad

toward right side of the body

sinistrad

toward left side of the body

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

what are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

Right hypochondriac

Epigastric

Left hypochondriac

Right lumbar (flank)

Umbilical

Left lumbar (flank)

Right iliac (inguinal)

Hypogastric (pubic)

Left iliac (inguinal)

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

liver, gallbladder

what organs are in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen?

stomach, pancreas

what organs are in the epigastric region of the abdomen?

spleen, part of stomach

what organs are in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen?

ascending colon, right kidney

what organs are in the right lumbar (flank) region of the abdomen?

small intestine, transverse colon

what organs are in the umbilical region of the abdomen?

descending colon, left kidney

what organs are in the left lumbar (flank) region of the abdomen?

appendix, cecum

what organs are in the right iliac (inguinal) region of the abdomen?

bladder, reproductive organs

what organs are in the hypogastric (pubic) region of the abdomen?

sigmoid colon

what organs are in the left iliac (inguinal) region of the abdomen?

muscles

soft tissues that control movement in the body and keep it healthy

skeletal muscle

voluntary, striated

muscle attached to skeleton

cardiac muscle

involuntary, striated

muscle present in walls of the heart

smooth muscle

involuntary, unstriated

muscle present in walls of blood vessels

tendons

fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.

joints

where 2 bones meet

synovial and non-synovial

what are the 2 types of joints?

synovial joints

smooth moving joints, due to synovial fluid/articular cartilage cover

non-synovial joints

immovable joints due to fibrous cartilage cover

hinge joints

joints with movement restricted to one plane (ex. elbow and knee)

gliding joints

joints with two flat-surfaced bones which slide over each other and have limited movement (ex. foot/wrist)

ball and socket joints

joints that can rotate in circles and have a very high range of motion (ex. shoulder)

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and rotation

what are the angular movements of the joints?

circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion, pronation, and supination

what are the special movements of the joints?

osteoporosis

musculoskeletal disorder in which a decrease in calcium deposits and bone strength, resulting in weak/fragile bones

post-menopausal women

men over 50 with low testosterone

people with a family history of osteoporosis

people with anorexia nervosa

people with long term use of anti-seizure drugs, corticosteroids, and heparin

what groups are at risk for osteoporosis?

dietary: increased intake of calcium and vitamin D.

physical: performing weight-bearing exercises.

pharmacological: bisphosphonates (residronate and zoledronic acid) as well as hormone replacement therapy with estrogen

how is osteoporosis treated?

osteoarthritis

thinning and degeneration of cartilage, which exposes roughened surfaces of bone, causing bones to rub against each other. commonly affected joints are the fingers, spine, hips, knees, and feet.

analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and intra-articular steroid injections.

in severe conditions, joint prosthesis may be necessary.

how is osteoarthritis treated?

osteomalacia

condition in which bone softens due to deficiency of calcium and vitamin D. decrease in calcium makes the bone flexible.

causes muscle weakness, bone tenderness, partial fractures, and malaise.

rickets

condition in which the bones of children are softened and weakened and may fracture easily, caused by deficiency of calcium and vitamin D

dietary interventions; increased intake of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplements.

how is osteomalacia treated?

scoliosis

abnormal curvature of the spine to the left or right, commonly seen in adolescents

in severe cases, may cause back pain and heart or lung problems.

lordosis

abnormal curvature of the spine in which the lower back is more pronounced than the upper back (also called "swayback")

kyphosis

abnormal curvature of the spine in which the upper part of the back is more pronounced than the lower back (also called "hunchback")

herniated disc

protrusion of the soft nucleus of the intervertebral disk into the outer cartilaginous covering. caused by improper lifting, smoking, excessive body weight, and repetitive strenuous activities.

NSAIDs or analgesics for the pain

physical therapy

chiropractic adjustments

epidural steroid injections

how are herniated discs treated?

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder which causes malaise, fever, weight loss, and morning stiffness of the affected joints.

NSAIDs

corticosteroids

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate and leflunomide

biologics (etanercept and infliximab)

how is rheumatoid arthritis treated?

fibromyalgia

chronic condition of muscle pain and tenderness due to unknown causes

prescribed medications, such as pregabalin (Lyrica), milnacipran (Savella), zolpidem (Ambien), tramadol (Ultram), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and fluoxetine (Prozac)

how is fibromyalgia treated?

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune neuromuscular disease of the voluntary muscles that leads to profound muscular weakness.

mostly affects muscles that control the movement of the eyes and eyelids, facial expressions, and swallowing.

medications that inhibit acetylcholinesterase

surgical removal of the thymus gland (thymectomy)

how is myasthenia gravis treated?

bursitis

painful joints with reduced range of motion caused by overuse of the knee, shoulder, or elbow joints.

rest, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids

how is bursitis treated?

lupus

painful and swollen joints accompanied by fever, chest and muscle pains, and other manifestations that are associated with autoimmune dysfunction.

gout

metabolic disease that involves increased production or decreased elimination of uric acid. This is often seen in the lower extremities, especially the foot and the big toe.

kidney disease, alcohol consumption, obesity, untreated hypertension, and a family history of gout

what are risk factors for gout?

NSAIDs, colchicine, allopurinol, and probenecid

how is gout treated?

lyme disease

a tick-borne infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. The disease is manifested by flu-like symptoms and a "bull's-eye" lesion, called erythema migrans, that surrounds the area of the tick bite.

doxycycline, amoxicillin, and IV ceftriaxone

how is lyme disease treated?

strain

a condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon

sprain

an injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far and tear

closed (simple) fracture

bone break that does not penetrate the skin

open (compound) fracture

broken bone that penetrates through the skin

longitudinal fracture

a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

impacted fracture

fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another

communited fracture

bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces

pathologic fracture

a break in the bone due to weakening of the bones caused by a disease, such as osteoporosis

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

avulsion fracture

fracture caused by forceful contractions of a muscle against resistance

compression fracture

a break which occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

typically seen in vertebrae

depression fracture

normally a skull fracture where a cranial bone is pushed inward

non-displaced fracture

occurs when a bone end remains in alignment, but other parts of the bone are fractured

integumentary system

system which consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails

protection, sensory reception, temperature regulation, synthesis of vitamin D

what are the 4 functions of the skin?

epidermis (superficial)

dermis (deep)

what are the two layers of the skin?

hypodermis

subcutaneous tissue layer below the dermis, good for cushioning and heat insulation

skin lesions

physical changes in the skin that may be caused by exposure to irritants or localized infection.

primary lesions

lesions arising from previously normal skin

macule

papule

nodule

vesicle

bulla

pustule

tumor

plaque

wheal

types of primary lesions include

macule

a flat area of color change and a non-palpable skin lesion

ex. freckles

papule

a solid elevation of less than 1 cm in diameter and has distinct borders

ex. small, raised pimple

nodule

a firm and movable solid elevation, 0.5-1 cm in diameter, which extends deeper into the dermis than a papule.

vesicle

a small, raised blister that contains clear fluid inside or under the epidermis

bulla

a large vesicle greater than 1 cm

pustule

a vesicle with white cellular debris; it may be sterile or infected

ex. acne

tumor

a large solid mass that may be benign or malignant. it is a large nodule and may be firm or soft

plaque

a solid, elevated, flat-top lesion with indistinct borders. It is found on the skin or mucous membrane

ex. psoriasis

wheal

a transient (short-lived), raised, swollen lesion caused by fluid accumulation in the dermis. It is a palpable, red, circumscribed swelling.

can be caused by intradermal skin tests

secondary lesions

lesions evolves from primary lesions, often due to irritation/infection

scar tissue, fissure, ulceration, scales, atrophy, crusts

types of secondary lesions include

impetigo

highly contagious skin infection caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus. Causes formation of crusty lesions and small vesicles around the nose and mouth (often be across the entire face). Honey-colored exudate is excreted from areas

oral antibiotics, topical antibiotic cream

how is impetigo treated?

acne

skin infection which occurs when hair follicles are blocked with dead skin and oil from the skin. Causes formation of blackheads, pimples, pustules, or larger abscesses. Also affects sebaceous glands.

rosacea

skin infection that causes inflammation, pustule formation, and visible dilated blood vessels (telangiectasia) and facial redness. presents as frequently flushed skin on the face, particularly the nose, forehead, cheeks, and chin.

cellulitis

acute bacterial infection that involves the subcutaneous tissue and manifests as redness, tenderness, swelling, and warmth at the site. can progress from a small cut or any kind of skin injury, may require hospitalization

fungal infection

infections such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea corporis (ringworm), commonly cause by fungi that grow on keratinized tissues.

topical antifungal agents (such as clotrimazole (Lotrimin), ketoconazole (Nizoral), econazole, or nystatin (Mycostatin))

how are fungal infections treated?

warts

cold sores

shingles

viral skin infections include

scabies

pediculosis

parasitic skin infections include