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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.

Aldose

A type of monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group.

Ketose

A type of monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group.

Trioses

Monosaccharides that consist of three carbon atoms.

Pentoses

Monosaccharides that consist of five carbon atoms.

Hexoses

Monosaccharides that consist of six carbon atoms, most abundant in living cells.

Isomer

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Constitutional Isomers

Isomers with different connectivity of atoms.

Stereoisomers

Isomers that have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement.

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.

Diastereomers

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

Epimers

Diastereomers that differ in configuration at a single chiral center.

Mutarotation

The process by which the a- and b-forms of monosaccharides interconvert.

Furanose

A five-membered sugar ring structure.

Pyranose

A six-membered sugar ring structure.

Glycosidic bond

A bond formed between monosaccharides through glycoside formation.

Reducing sugars

Sugars that can reduce oxidizing agents and can exist in an open-chain form.

Glycation

A non-enzymatic reaction where reducing sugars react with amine groups.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)

Products formed from the glycation process that can contribute to diabetes complications.